BookSusan J. Hall, Ph. D., College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware.
Summary: This edition has been significantly updated from the previous edition. The approach taken remains an integrated balance of qualitative and quantitative examples, applications, and problems designed to illustrate the principles discussed. The seventh edition also retains the important sensitivity to the fact that some beginning students of biomechanics possess weak backgrounds in mathematics. For this reason, it includes numerous sample problems and applications, along with practical advice on approaching quantitative problems. With balanced, integrated coverage of applied anatomy, mechanical principles, and relevant sport and daily living applications, this text introduces you to the basics of biomechanics. The quantitative aspects of biomechanics are presented in a manageable, progressive fashion, with practical advice on approaching both qualitative and quantitative problems in biomechanics.
Contents:
What Is Biomechanics?
Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
Kinetic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growth and Development
The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Articulations
The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Muscle
The Biomechanics of the Human Upper Extremity
The Biomechanics of the Human Lower Extremity
The Biomechanics of the Human Spine
Linear Kinematics of Human Movement
Angular Kinematics of Human Movement
Linear Kinetics of Human Movement
Equilibrium and Human Movement
Angular Kinetics of Human Movement
Human Movement in a Fluid Medium. Machine generated contents note: 1. What Is Biomechanics?
Biomechanics: Definition and Perspective
What Problems Are Studied by Biomechanists?
Why Study Biomechanics?
Problem-Solving Approach
Quantitative versus Qualitative Problems
Solving Qualitative Problems
Formal versus Informal Problems
Solving Formal Quantitative Problems
Units of Measurement
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
2. Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
Forms of Motion
Linear Motion
Angular Motion
General Motion
Mechanical Systems
Standard Reference Terminology
Anatomical Reference Position
Directional Terms
Anatomical Reference Planes
Anatomical Reference Axes
Joint Movement Terminology
Sagittal Plane Movements
Frontal Plane Movements
Transverse Plane Movements
Other Movements
Spatial Reference Systems
Analyzing Human Movement. Contents note continued: Prerequisite Knowledge for a Qualitative Analysis
Planning a Qualitative Analysis
Conducting a Qualitative Analysis
Tools for Measuring Kinematic Quantities
Video and Film
Other Movement-Monitoring Systems
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
3. Kinetic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics
Inertia
Mass
Force
Center of Gravity
Weight
Pressure
Volume
Density
Torque
Impulse
Mechanical Loads on the Human Body
Compression, Tension, and Shear
Mechanical Stress
Torsion, Bending, and Combined Loads
The Effects of Loading
Repetitive versus Acute Loads
Tools for Measuring Kinetic Quantities
Vector Algebra
Vector Composition
Vector Resolution
Graphic Solution of Vector Problems
Trigonometric Solution of Vector Problems
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems. Contents note continued: Laboratory Experiences
4. The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growth and Development
Composition and Structure of Bone Tissue
Material Constituents
Structural Organization
Types of Bones
Bone Growth and Development
Longitudinal Growth
Circumferential Growth
Adult Bone Development
Bone Response to Stress
Bone Modeling and Remodeling
Bone Hypertrophy
Bone Atrophy
Osteoporosis
Postmenopausal and Age-Associated Osteoporosis
Female Athlete Triad
Preventing and Treating Osteoporosis
Common Bone Injuries
The Biomechanics of Bone Fractures
Epiphyseal Injuries
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
5. The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Articulations
Joint Architecture
Immovable Joints
Slightly Movable Joints
Freely Movable Joints
Articular Cartilage
Articular Fibrocartilage
Articular Connective Tissue
Joint Stability. Contents note continued: Shape of the Articulating Bone Surfaces
Arrangement of Ligaments and Muscles
Other Connective Tissues
Joint Flexibility
Measuring Joint Range of Motion
Factors Influencing Joint Flexibility
Flexibility and Injury
Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility
Neuromuscular Response to Stretch
Active and Passive Stretching
Ballistic, Static, and Dynamic Stretching
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Common Joint Injuries and Pathologies
Sprains
Dislocations
Bursitis
Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
6. The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Muscle
Behavioral Properties of the Musculotendinous Unit
Extensibility and Elasticity
Irritability and the Ability to Develop Tension
Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle
Muscle Fibers
Motor Units
Fiber Types
Fiber Architecture. Contents note continued: Skeletal Muscle Function
Recruitment of Motor Units
Change in Muscle Length with Tension Development
Roles Assumed by Muscles
Two-Joint and Multijoint Muscles
Factors Affecting Muscular Force Generation
Force-Velocity Relationship
Length-Tension Relationship
Stretch-Shortening Cycle
Electromyography
Electromechanical Delay
Muscular Strength, Power, and Endurance
Muscular Strength
Muscular Power
Muscular Endurance
Muscle Fatigue
Effect of Muscle Temperature
Common Muscle Injuries
Strains
Contusions
Cramps
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Compartment Syndrome
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
7. The Biomechanics of the Human Upper Extremity
Structure of the Shoulder
Sternoclavicular Joint
Acromioclavicular Joint
Coracoclavicular Joint
Glenohumeral Joint
Scapulothoracic Joint
Bursae
Movements of the Shoulder Complex. Contents note continued: Muscles of the Scapula
Muscles of the Glenohumeral Joint
Flexion at the Glenohumeral Joint
Extension at the Glenohumeral Joint
Abduction at the Glenohumeral Joint
Adduction at the Glenohumeral Joint
Medial and Lateral Rotation of the Humerus
Horizontal Adduction and Abduction at the Glenohumeral Joint
Loads on the Shoulder
Common Injuries of the Shoulder
Dislocations
Rotator Cuff Damage
Rotational Injuries
Subscapular Neuropathy
Structure of the Elbow
Humeroulnar Joint
Humeroradial Joint
Proximal Radioulnar Joint
Carrying Angle
Movements at the Elbow
Muscles Crossing the Elbow
Flexion and Extension
Pronation and Supination
Loads on the Elbow
Common Injuries of the Elbow
Sprains and Dislocations
Overuse Injuries
Structure of the Wrist
Movements of the Wrist
Flexion
Extension and Hyperextension
Radial and Ulnar Deviation
Structure of the Joints of the Hand. Contents note continued: Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
Metacarpophalangeal Joints
Interphalangeal Joints
Movements of the Hand
Common Injuries of the Wrist and Hand
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
8. The Biomechanics of the Human Lower Extremity
Structure of the Hip
Movements at the Hip
Muscles of the Hip
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial and Lateral Rotation of the Femur
Horizontal Abduction and Adduction
Loads on the Hip
Common Injuries of the Hip
Fractures
Contusions
Strains
Structure of the Knee
Tibiofemoral Joint
Menisci
Ligaments
Patellofemoral Joint
Joint Capsule and Bursae
Movements at the Knee
Muscles Crossing the Knee
Flexion and Extension
Rotation and Passive Abduction and Adduction
Patellofemoral Joint Motion
Loads on the Knee
Forces at the Tibiofemoral Joint
Forces at the Patellofemoral Joint. Contents note continued: Common Injuries of the Knee and Lower Leg
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries
Meniscus Injuries
Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Shin Splints
Structure of the Ankle
Movements at the Ankle
Structure of the Foot
Subtalar Joint
Tarsometatarsal and Intermetatarsal Joints
Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
Plantar Arches
Movements of the Foot
Muscles of the Foot
Toe Flexion and Extension
Inversion and Eversion
Pronation and Supination
Loads on the Foot
Common Injuries of the Ankle and Foot
Ankle Injuries
Overuse Injuries
Alignment Anomalies of the Foot
Injuries Related to High and Low Arch Structures
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
9. The Biomechanics of the Human Spine
Structure of the Spine
Vertebral Column. Contents note continued: Vertebrae
Intervertebral Discs
Ligaments
Spinal Curves
Movements of the Spine
Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension
Lateral Flexion and Rotation
Muscles of the Spine
Anterior Aspect
Posterior Aspect
Lateral Aspect
Loads on the Spine
Common Injuries of the Back and Neck
Low Back Pain
Soft-Tissue Injuries
Acute Fractures
Stress Fractures
Disc Herniations
Whiplash Injuries
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
10. Linear Kinematics of Human Movement
Linear Kinematic Quantities
Distance and Displacement
Speed and Velocity
Acceleration
Average and Instantaneous Quantities
Kinematics of Projectile Motion
Horizontal and Vertical Components
Influence of Gravity
Influence of Air Resistance
Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
Projection Angle
Projection Speed
Relative Projection Height. Contents note continued: Optimum Projection Conditions
Analyzing Projectile Motion
Equations of Constant Acceleration
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
11. Angular Kinematics of Human Movement
Observing the Angular Kinematics of Human Movement
Measuring Angles
Joint Angles and Body Segment Orientations
Tools for Measuring Body Angles
Instant Center of Rotation
Angular Kinematic Relationships
Angular Distance and Displacement
Angular Speed and Velocity
Angular Acceleration
Angular Motion Vectors
Average versus Instantaneous Angular Quantities
Relationships Between Linear and Angular Motion
Linear and Angular Displacement
Linear and Angular Velocity
Linear and Angular Acceleration
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
12. Linear Kinetics of Human Movement
Newton's Laws
Law of Inertia
Law of Acceleration. Contents note continued: Law of Reaction
Law of Gravitation
Mechanical Behavior of Bodies in Contact
Friction
Momentum
Impulse
Impact
Work, Power, and Energy Relationships
Work
Power
Energy
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Principle of Work and Energy
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
13. Equilibrium and Human Movement
Equilibrium
Torque
Resultant Joint Torques
Levers
Anatomical Levers
Equations of Static Equilibrium
Equations of Dynamic Equilibrium
Center of Gravity
Locating the Center of Gravity
Locating the Human Body Center of Gravity
Stability and Balance
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
14. Angular Kinetics of Human Movement
Resistance to Angular Acceleration
Moment of Inertia
Determining Moment of Inertia
Human Body Moment of Inertia
Angular Momentum. Contents note continued: Conservation of Angular Momentum
Transfer of Angular Momentum
Change in Angular Momentum
Angular Analogues of Newton's Laws of Motion
Newton's First Law
Newton's Second Law
Newton's Third Law
Centripetal Force
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
15. Human Movement in a Fluid Medium
The Nature of Fluids
Relative Motion
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Fluid Properties
Buoyancy
Characteristics of the Buoyant Force
Flotation
Flotation of the Human Body
Drag
Skin Friction
Form Drag
Wave Drag
Lift Force
Foil Shape
Magnus Effect
Propulsion in a Fluid Medium
Propulsive Drag Theory
Propulsive Lift Theory
Stroke Technique
Summary
Introductory Problems
Additional Problems
Laboratory Experiences
Appendices
A. Basic Mathematics and Related Skills
B. Trigonometric Functions
C.Common Units of Measurement. Contents note continued: D. Anthropometric Parameters for the Human Body.