BookSatyendra K. Tiwary, editor.
Summary: The book covers all aspects of lower limb oedema including aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical approach, investigations, differential diagnosis and management. It presents all the medical and surgical aspects of lower limb oedema in a well-illustrated manner for better understanding. It covers the lower limb oedema of different origins separately to highlight the different spectrums in their presentation and management. Separate chapters include special conditions like pregnancy, trauma and vascular malformations. The book augments the learning and knowledge for lower limb oedema management by illustrating all aspects of it. It suggests proceeding with every possible aetiology with a better understanding of pathophysiology and adequate designated investigations. It also includes clinical guidelines that help to solve the diagnostic dilemma in lower limb oedema management with infused points to reach a consensus in each and every possible cause. The book includes recent scientific literature and accepted guidelines adopted from the publications during the last ten years to provide latest knowledge in the field. The approaches discussed in the book with specific importance to clinical workup and meticulous investigation protocols will help the surgeons, physicians, primary care workers as well as surgical resident trainees to reach the correct diagnosis and proper management.
Contents:
Intro
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: Introduction of Lower Limb Edema
1.1 Background
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Etiology and Classification
1.4 Pathophysiology
1.5 Diagnosis
1.6 Management and Outcome
1.7 Deep Vein Thrombosis
1.8 Lymphedema
1.9 Conclusion
References
2: Anatomy of Lower Limb
2.1 Anatomy of Venous System of the Lower Extremity
2.2 Embryological Development of Veins of the Lower Extremity: Clinical Aspects of Atypical Anatomy
2.3 Anatomical Routes Connecting Pelvic Veins with Those of the Lower Extremity 2.4 Anatomy of Lymphatic System of Lower Extremity
References
3: Physiological Basis of Lower Limb Edema
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Architecture of Microcirculation Unit
3.3 Myogenic Autoregulation of Capillary Microcirculation
3.4 Capillary Endothelium as Regulator of Microcirculation
3.5 Transcapillary Exchange Across Endothelium
3.6 Diffusion Across Capillary Endothelium
3.7 Capillary Filtration as Regulated by Pressure Gradients
3.8 Lymphatic Circulation
3.9 Pathophysiology of Edema
3.10 Thermodynamical Considerations in Edema Therapeutics 3.11 Various Physiological Conditions Affecting Edema Formation
3.11.1 Effect of Gravity
3.11.2 Effect of Diet and Nutrition
3.11.3 Effect of Physical Activity and Posture
3.11.4 Edema in Pregnancy
3.11.5 Effect of Altitude Changes
3.12 Pathological Conditions Presenting with Edema
3.12.1 Heart Failure
3.12.2 Hepatic Cirrhosis
3.12.3 Constrictive Pericarditis and Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
3.12.4 Renal Diseases
3.12.5 Medications
3.12.6 Thyroid Disease
3.12.7 Lymphatic Obstruction
3.12.8 Venous Incompetence or Deep Vein Thrombosis 3.12.9 Dermatitis and Lipedema
3.13 Conclusion
References
4: Aetiopathogenesis in Lower Limb Oedema
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Pathogenesis
4.3 Starling Forces
4.4 Etiology
4.5 Heart Diseases
4.6 Liver Diseases
4.7 Renal Diseases
4.8 Venous (or Lymphatic) Drainage Obstruction
4.9 Deep Vein Thrombosis
4.10 Chronic Vein Insufficiency
4.11 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
4.12 Lymphedema
4.13 Inflammatory Edema
4.14 Summary and Conclusion
References
5: Clinical Examination in Lower Limb Edema
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Clinical History 5.3 Physical Examination
5.3.1 Distribution
5.3.2 Tenderness
5.3.3 Pitting
5.3.4 Skin changes
5.4 Diagnostic Studies
5.4.1 Laboratory Tests
5.4.2 Noninvasive Quantitative Methods to Assess Lower Limb Edema
5.4.3 Water Displacement (Volume Measurements) [16]
5.4.4 Perometer [17]
5.4.5 Circumferential Method (with a Tape Measure) [18]
5.4.6 Bioimpedance (BIA)
References
6: Investigations of Lower Limb Edema
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Static Leg Circumference Measurements
6.3 Static Leg Volume Measurements