BookHenning Sommermeyer, Jacek Pia̜tek.
Summary: The book provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about Clostridioides (C.) difficile (formerly known as Clostridium difficile) and Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI). The diseases caused by C. difficile range from mild diarrhea to fulminant and in some cases fatal colitis. Historically, CDI was considered mainly as a hospital-acquired problem. Today, a significant portion of CDI is community acquired. Triggered by the introduction of new antibiotics, hypervirulent and multi-drug resistant strains of C. difficile (e.g., C. difficile ribotype R027) have emerged and spread across the globe. The volume covers the microbiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors for CDI, diagnosis, clinical pictures, treatment and prophylaxis. It includes an extensive reference list that allows an easy navigation through the original research publications. Clostridioides difficile helps the reader gain a better understanding of C. difficile, the challenges that may arise and the available treatment options. Given its broad coverage and features, it will appeal to a wide readership, from gastroenterologists through general physicians, nurses, and other healthcare providers, to students.
Contents:
Intro
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1: Introduction
2: Microbiology
2.1 Taxonomy
2.2 Genome
2.3 Epigenome
2.4 Life Cycle of C. difficile During Infection
2.4.1 Spore
2.4.1.1 Spore Core
2.4.1.2 Inner Membrane
2.4.1.3 Germ Cell Wall
2.4.1.4 Cortex
2.4.1.5 Outer Membrane
2.4.1.6 Coat and Exosporium
2.4.2 Germination
2.4.2.1 Germinosome Model
2.4.2.2 Lock-and-Key Model
2.4.3 Sporulation
References 3: Pathophysiology of C. difficile
3.1 Toxins TcdA and TcdB
3.2 Genetics of TcdA and TcdB
3.3 Pathogenicity Locus
3.4 Toxinotypes of C. difficile Isolates
3.5 Environmental Signals Regulating Toxin Expression
3.6 Mechanism of Action and Functional Domains of TcdA and TcdB
3.7 Cell Surface Receptors for TcdA and TcdB
3.8 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and Membrane Translocation
3.9 Modification of Small GTPase Proteins as Host Cell Targets of TcdA and TcdB
3.10 Influence of TcdA and TcdB on Cell Physiology
3.11 Impact on Cell Morphology 3.12 Impact on Small GTPase Signaling Pathways
3.13 Role of TcdA and TcdB in Disease
3.14 Other Toxins Produced by C. difficile
3.15 Toxin Profiles of Clinical Isolates
References
4: Epidemiology
4.1 Historical Perspective
4.2 Hospital- and Community-Acquired CDI
4.3 Hypervirulent C. difficile Strain Ribotype 027 (NAP1/BI)
4.4 Other Strains of C. difficile
4.5 Dual Strain Infections
4.6 CDI in Children
4.7 Recurrent CDI
References
5: Risk Factors for CDI
5.1 Exposure to Healthcare Institutions
5.2 Antibiotics 5.3 Proton Pump Inhibitors
5.4 Advanced Age as Risk Factor for CDI
5.5 Cancer Therapy as Risk Factor for CDI
5.6 Other Risk Factors for CDI
5.7 Risk Factors for Community-Acquired CDI
5.8 Risk Factors for Recurrent CDI
5.9 CDI Risk Factors in Children
References
6: Diagnosis of CDI
References
7: Clinical Picture of CDI
7.1 From Asymptomatic Carriers to Life-Threatening Presentations
7.2 Pseudomembranous Colitis
References
8: Treatment of CDI
8.1 Antibiotics-Based Therapy
8.1.1 Antibiotics Used for Treatment of CDI 8.1.2 AB-Treatment of an Initial, Non-severe CDI Episode in Adults
8.1.3 AB-Treatment of a Fulminant Episode of CDI in Adults
8.1.4 AB-Treatment of a First or Multiple Recurrence of CDI in Adults
8.1.5 AB-Treatment of Non-severe Initial or First Recurrent CDI in Children
8.1.6 AB-Treatment of an Initial Episode of Severe CDI in Children
8.1.7 AB-Treatment of Second or Greater Episode of Recurrent CDI in Children
8.2 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as Treatment for CDI
8.3 Probiotics and Synbiotics as Treatment for CDI
8.4 Surgical Treatment of Complicated CDI