BookRichard M. Schwend, William L. Hennrikus, editors.
Contents:
Intro
Preface
Contents
Contributor List
Part I: Background
Chapter 1: Epidemiology of Pediatric Back Pain
Introduction
Defining Back Pain
Prevalence
Back Pain
Neck and Thoracic Pain
Low Back Pain
Incidence
Pain Frequency, Duration, and Intensity
Disability
Medical Attention
Natural History
Risk Factors
Physical Domain
Trunk Muscles
Trunk Mobility
Posture
Trunk Asymmetry
Muscle and Joint Flexibility
Trunk Stability
Biological Domain
Weight and Height
Gender
Family History
Lifestyle Domain
Activity Sedentary Activity
Physical Activity
Sport
Occupational Activity
Sleep
Smoking and Alcohol
Backpacks
Psychosocial Domain
Psychological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Factors
Social Factors
Approaching Back Pain from a Multidimensional Perspective
Prevention
Brief Summary
Conclusion
Editor Discussion
References
Chapter 2: Anatomy of the Pediatric Spine
Cervical Spine (Fig. 2.5)
Thoracic Spine (Fig. 2.3)
Lumbar Spine (Fig. 2.6)
Editor Discussion
References Chapter 3: Medical and Non-surgical Conditions That Can Cause or Contribute to Back Pain in a Child or Adolescent
Mechanical Back Pain (Non-specific or Muscular Back Pain)
Scoliosis
Back Pain in Children with Neuromuscular Disease
Muscle Strain and Spasm
Spondylolysis/Spondylolisthesis
Scheuermann Disease
Degenerative Disease
Bertolotti Syndrome
Spinal Dysraphism
Benign but Locally Aggressive Tumors of the Spine
Osteoid Osteoma/Osteoblastoma
Histiocytosis
Malignancy
Leukemia
Ewing Sarcoma
Spinal Cord Tumor
Infection
Discitis
Osteomyelitis Systemic Disease
Osteoporosis/Metabolic Bone Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Spondyloarthropathy
Extra-skeletal Causes of Back Pain
Editor Discussion
References
Chapter 4: History Evaluation of the Child or Adolescent with Back Pain Including Ten Red Flags
Introduction
Summary
Editor Discussion
References
Chapter 5: Physical Examination of the Child or Adolescent with Back Pain
Editor Discussion
References
Chapter 6: Radiologic Imaging and Laboratory Evaluation of Back Pain in Children and Adolescents
Introduction
Imaging
Role of Plain Radiography Radiation Exposure
Special Views
Role of Computerized Tomography (CT Scan)
Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality (SCIWORA)
Technetium Nuclear Bone Scan
PET-CT
Imaging Findings on Plain Radiography
Initial Approach to Reading Plain Radiographs of the Spine
Disc Disease and Schmorl's Nodes
Fracture or Dislocation
Scheuermann's Kyphosis
Transitional Vertebra
Spina Bifida Occulta
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Spinal Deformity
Vertebra Plana
MRI
Examples of Commonly Encountered Pediatric Variations and Abnormalities