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  • Book
    edited by Shuu-Jiun Wang, Chi Ieong Lau.
    Contents:
    Chapter 1: Update in migraine preventive treatment
    1. Introduction
    2. Preventive medications for migraine
    2.1. Beta-blockers
    2.2. Antiepileptic drugs
    2.3. Calcium channel blockers
    2.4. Antidepressants
    2.5. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
    2.6. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
    2.7. Miscellaneous
    3. Preventive medications for chronic migraine
    3.1. OnabotulinumtoxinA
    3.2. Topiramate
    4. Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies
    4.1. Erenumab
    4.2. Galcanezumab
    4.3. Fremanezumab
    4.4. Eptinezumab
    5. Special considerations
    5.1. Menstrual-related migraine
    5.2. Pregnancy and breastfeeding
    5.3. Children and adolescents
    6. Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 2: Therapeutic implications of cortical spreading depression models in migraine
    1. Migraine
    2. Cortical spreading depression
    3. Basics on in vivo experimental models of CSD
    4. Consequences of CSD
    4.1. Trigeminovascular activation
    4.2. Cortical inflammation
    4.3. Disruption of blood-brain barrier and impaired glymphatic flow
    5. Migraine modulators affect CSD susceptibility
    5.1. Genetic factors
    5.2. Sex and age
    5.3. Stress, sleep deprivation and hypoglycemia
    6. CSD inhibition reflecting clinical responsiveness
    7. CSD inhibitors that inhibit migraine aura but not headache
    7.1. Ketamine
    7.2. Lamotrigine
    7.3. Tonabersat
    8. Novel targets for migraine therapeutics
    8.1. Calcitonin gene-related peptide
    8.2. Ion channels
    8.2.1. Pannexin-1 channels and P2X7 receptors
    8.2.2. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs)
    8.2.3. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels
    8.2.4. TWIK-related spinal cord potassium channel (TRESK)
    8.3. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
    8.4. Neuromodulation
    8.4.1. Vagus nerve stimulation
    8.4.2. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
    8.4.3. Transcranial direct current stimulation
    9. Future directions and potentials for CSD models
    10. Conclusion
    Funding
    References
    Chapter 3: Electrophysiological basis for antiepileptic drugs in migraine prevention
    Abstract
    Keywords
    1. Introduction --2. Basic concepts of electrophysiological studies in migraine
    3. The visual cortex
    3.1. Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)
    3.2. Pattern reversal visual evoked potential (PRVEP)
    3.3. Phosphene induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation
    3.4. Magnetic suppression of perceptual accuracy (MSPA)
    4. The somatosensory cortex
    4.1. Standard (broad-band) somatosensory evoked potential
    4.2. High-frequency oscillations of the somatosensory evoked potential
    5. The motor cortex
    5.1. Motor threshold (MTh) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs)
    5.2. Silent period (SP).
    Digital Access ScienceDirect 2020
  • Article
    Barabino RC, Gray DN, Keyes MH.
    Clin Chem. 1978 Aug;24(8):1393-8.
    We described a partitioned enzyme-sensor system, which incorporates an immoblized substrate and three or more discrete immobilized enzymes. This instrument measures alpha-amylase activity by passing the solution containing alpha-amylase over a column packed with immobilized starch. The resulting oligosaccharides are successively exposed to a column or columns containing immobolized glucose oxidase, catalase, glucoamylase or maltase, and glucose oxidase. The resulting hydrogen peroxide is detected by a three-electrode amperometric cell. All immobilized reagents were immobilized on a particulate, porous alumina to allow rapid and constant flow rate. With use of less than optimum immobilized reagents, alpha-amylase activity has been measured from about 5 to 200 kU/liter with a 50 microliter sample size. Lack of sensitivity is predominantly attributable to the low activity and low stability of immobilized maltase and glucoamylase. We believe that a clinical test using this system is feasible and desirable because the immobilized reagent system should allow for testing of alpha-amylase with excellent precision, convenience to the operator, and low cost.
    Digital Access Access Options