BookSumita Mehta, Bindiya Gupta, editors.
Summary: This book discusses in detail the recent advances in the management of endometrial cancer, including the latest therapies and diagnostic methods. The book focuses on treatment-oriented topics such as the role of lymphadenectomy and sentinel node dissection, surgical complications, radiation techniques, and chemotherapy in endometrial cancer, and also explores treatment options in advanced disease stages, including hormonal therapy and targeted therapy. Providing insights into the evidence-based management guidelines for endometrial cancer, this book is a valuable resource for students, trainees and practitioners in the field of gynecology and gyne-oncology.
Contents:
Intro
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Trends and Etiology of Endometrial Cancer
1: Changing Trends in the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Type I and II Carcinomas
1.2.1 Pathophysiologic and Molecular Distinctions
1.2.2 Type II-Specific Epidemiologic Factors
1.3 Age
1.4 Race/Ethnicity
1.4.1 Blacks
1.4.2 Hispanics
1.4.3 Asians/Pacific Islanders
1.4.4 American Indians/Alaska Natives
1.4.5 Global Trends
1.5 Endogenous Estrogen Exposure
1.5.1 Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Disease 1.5.2 Chronic Anovulation
1.5.3 Obesity
1.5.4 Early Menarche and Late Menopause
1.5.5 Estrogen-Secreting Tumors
1.6 Exogenous Estrogen Exposure
1.6.1 Unopposed Estrogen Therapy
1.6.2 Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy
1.6.3 Tamoxifen, Other SERMs, and Aromatase Inhibitors
1.7 Genetic Syndromes
1.7.1 Family History
1.7.2 Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (Lynch Syndrome)
1.7.3 Cowden Syndrome
1.7.4 BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations
1.8 Fertility-Associated Factors
1.8.1 Nulliparity and Infertility
1.8.2 Breastfeeding 1.8.3 Contraceptives
1.8.4 Tubal Ligation
1.9 Other Associated Factors
1.9.1 Diet and Phytoestrogens
1.9.2 Ultraviolet Radiation, Calcium, and Vitamin D
1.9.3 Exercise
1.9.4 Diabetes and Hypertension
1.9.5 Cigarette Smoking
1.9.6 Alcohol
1.9.7 Coffee and Tea
1.9.8 Aspirin
1.10 Summary
References
2: Cytogenetic Mechanisms in Endometrial Cancer
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification of EC
2.2.1 Clinicopathological Classification
2.2.2 Genetic Classification
2.3 Role of Estrogen 2.3.1 Imbalance Between Estrogen-Induced Endometrial Proliferation and Mismatch Repair System
2.3.2 Dysregulation of Different Genetic Factors by Estrogen
2.4 Mechanisms Involved in Genesis of EC at Cytogenetic Level
2.4.1 Epigenetics
2.4.2 Abnormal Mismatch Repair (MMR) System
2.4.3 Gene Mutation
2.4.3.1 Tumor Suppressor Genes
2.4.3.2 Oncogenes
2.4.4 MicroRNA
2.5 Cytogenetic Basis of Different Characteristics of EC
2.5.1 Myometrial Invasion
2.5.2 Apoptosis Resistance
2.5.3 Resistance to Ionizing Radiation Treatment
2.6 Conclusion
References 3: Endometrial Precancers: Diagnosis and Management
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Etiology
3.3 Classification
3.3.1 Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia
3.4 Comparison Between WHO and EIN Classification
3.5 Clinical Features
3.6 Diagnosis
3.6.1 Ultrasound
3.6.2 Office Endometrial Biopsy
3.6.3 Hysteroscopy and Targeted Biopsy
3.6.4 CT/MRI/Biomarkers
3.7 Management
3.7.1 Observation
3.7.2 Medical Management
3.7.2.1 Progestin
3.7.2.2 Clomiphene or Aromatase Inhibitors
3.7.2.3 Metformin
3.7.2.4 GnRH Agonist
3.7.2.5 Danazol
3.7.2.6 Genistein.