Bookeditor: Sabu Thomas.
Summary: Antimicrobial resistance is a major global public health problem. This book focuses on the clinical implications of multi-drug resistant pathogens; tracking AMR and its evolutionary significance; antifungal resistance; and current and alternative treatment strategies for AMR, including antivirulent, antibiofilm and antimicrobial resistance breakers, repurposing of drugs, and probiotic therapy. Advances in antimicrobial stewardship, antibiotic policies from a global perspective and their impacts are also discussed. The book also explores the use of omics approaches to gain insights into antibacterial resistance, and includes chapters on the potential benefits of a 'One Health approach describing the environmental and zoonotic sources of resistant genes and their effects on the global resistance pool.
Contents:
ntro
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editor
The Evolution of Microbial Defence Systems Against Antimicrobial Agents
1 Introduction
2 Bacteria
2.1 The Non-specific Bacterial Defence System
2.1.1 Intrinsic
Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria
Porin Channels
Capsular Defences
Bacterial Innate Immunity to Bacteriophages
Defences During Phage Attachment and Entry
Defences During Replication
Defences During Host Cell Lysis
2.1.2 Acquired
Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Efflux Pumps
Horizontal Gene Transfer; Transformation
Conjugation
2.2 The Specific Bacterial Defence System
2.2.1 Intrinsic Active
Quorum Sensing
Indole
CRISPR/Cas9
Biofilm Formation and Persister Cells
2.2.2 Intrinsic Passive
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Transduction
2.2.3 Acquired Active
Enzymatic Degradation/Destruction
Target Protection by Obstruction/Alteration/Mutation
2.2.4 Acquired Passive
Co-pathogens Conferring Resistance
3 Fungi
3.1 Azoles
3.2 Echinocandins
3.3 Other Mechanisms of Resistance
4 Viruses
4.1 Hepatitis C
4.2 Influenza; 5 Discussion and Therapeutic Strategies for the Future
References
Carbapenem Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacilli: Mechanisms and Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Structure of Carbapenems
3 Mechanism and Epidemiology of Carbapenem Resistance
3.1 Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
3.2 Carbapenemase-Producing CRE (CP-CRE)
3.2.1 Class A Carbapenemases
3.2.2 Class B Carbapenemases
3.2.3 Class D Carbapenemases
4 Noncarbapenemase-Producing CRE (Non-CP-CRE)
4.1 Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas (CRP)
4.2 Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB); 5 Current Resistance Status
6 Antibiotic Resistance Drivers
7 Usage and Side Effects of Carbapenems
8 Laboratory Detection of Carbapenem-Resistant Organism
8.1 Detection of Carbapenemase Activity Directly from the Clinical Specimen
8.1.1 CDC Screening Criteria
8.1.2 Chromogenic Plates
8.2 Detection of Carbapenemase Activity in the Isolated Bacteria
8.2.1 Phenotypic Tests
8.2.2 Molecular Tests
8.2.3 Molecular Test
9 Treatment
10 Role of Infection Control and Antibiotic Stewardship
11 Conclusion
References; Influence of Antimicrobials on the Gut Microbiota
1 Introduction
2 Human Gut Microbiota and Its Ecosystem
3 Role of Gut Microbiota in Human Health
4 Metagenomic Analysis of Gut Microbiota
5 Influence of Antibiotics on Normal Gut Microbiota
6 Human Gut Resistome
7 Infant Gut Microbiota and Antibiotics
8 Therapeutic Interventions of Post-antibiotic Gut Microbiome Reconstitution
9 Conclusion
References
Influence of Abiotic Factors in the Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Factors
2.1 Heavy Metals
2.2 Pesticides.