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  Manual of vibration exercise and vibration therapy

  Jörn Rittweger, editor.

  Summary: This book addresses various practical aspects of vibration exercise and vibration therapy. In addition, it describes the technical and physiological background, providing applied scientists and doctors with a deeper understanding of the therapeutic potential that vibration exercise holds. Having first emerged two decades ago, vibration exercise has since established itself as a widespread form of physical exercise, used in all rehabilitation areas. The goal of this book is to close the gap between scientific knowledge and practice. Given that occupational exposure to vibration leads to well-known unfavorable effects, a substantial section of the book is dedicated to potential risks, hazards and contra-indications. Moreover, the application of vibration therapy in a number of specific conditions is presented in a clinically usable fashion. Lastly, the use of vibration as a diagnostic tool will also be discussed. Given its breadth of coverage, this book will be of interest to physiotherapists and exercise scientists, but also to a wider range of physicians working in the field of rehabilitation.
  
  Contents:
  Preface
  THE FUNDAMENTALS
  Physics of Vibration
  The Biology of Vibration.-Design principles of Available machines.-Safety and contra-indications
  PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES
  Biomechanics of Vibration Exercise
  Cutaneous and muscle mechanoreceptors, their sensitivity to mechanical vibrations.-Electromyographical recordings during Vibration
  Supraspinal Responses & Spinal Reflexes
  Assesing reflex latencies in responses to vibration: Evidence for the involvement of more than one receptor.-Metabolic responses to whole body vibration exercise
  Circulation Effects
  Hormonal responses to vibration therapy
  USE OF VIBRATION FOR TRAINING
  Warming up.-Modulation of Neuromuscular Function
  Application in Athletics
  Using whole body vibration for countermeasure exercise
  CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
  How to Design Exercise Sessions with Whole Body Vibration Platforms
  Whole Body Vibration in Geriatric Rehabilitation. -Application of vibration training for enhancing bone strength.-Whole body vibration exercise as a treatment option for chronic lower back pain
  Pediatric Rehabilitation
  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
  Urinary Incontinence.-Primary Muscle Disorders.-Application of vibration training in people with common neurological disorders
  Whole body vibration therapy in patients with pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure: Lessons from a pilot study.-Vibration exercise and vibration therapy in metabolic syndrome.-Whole body vibration exercise in Cancer.-GLOSSARY, APPENDICES.

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• Article

  Small-angle X-ray scattering on malate synthase from baker's yeast. The native substrate-free enzyme and enzyme-substrate complexes.

  Zipper P, Durchschlag H.

  Eur J Biochem. 1978 Jun 01;87(1):85-99.

  Malate synthase from baker's yeast has been investigated in solution by the small-angle X-ray scattering technique. Size, shape and structure of the native substrate-free enzyme and of various enzyme-substrate complexes have been determined. As the enzyme was found to be rather unstable against X-rays, several precautions as well as sophisticated evaluation procedures had to be adopted to make sure that the results were not influenced by radiation damage. These included use of low primary intensity, short time of measurement, the presence of high concentrations of dithiothreitol, combined use of the conventional slit-collimation system and the new cone-collimation system. 1. For the native substrate-free enzyme the following molecular parameters could be established: radius of gyration R = 3.96 +/- 0.02 nm, maximum particle diameter D = 11.2 +/- 0.6 nm, radius of gyration of the thickness Rt = 1.04 +/- 0.04 nm, molecular weight Mr = 187000 +/- 3000, correlation volume Vc = 338 +/- 5 nm3, hydration x = 0.35 +/- 0.02 g/g, mean intersection length - l = 5.0 +/- 0.2 nm. Comparison of the experimental scattering curve with theoretical curves for various models showed that the enzyme is equivalent in scattering to an oblate ellipsoid of revolution rather than to a circular cylinder. The semiaxes of this ellipsoid are a = b = 6.06 nm and c = 2.21 nm. Thus with an axial ratio of about 1:0.36 the enzyme is of very anisometric shape. 2. Binding of the substrates (acetyl-CoA, glyoxylate) or the substrate analogue pyruvate causes slight structural changes of the enzyme. These changes are reflected mainly by a slight decrease of the radius of gyration (0.3--1.3%, as established both with the slit-smeared and the desmeared curves). Concomitantly there occurs a decrease of the maximum particle diameter and an increase of the radius of gyration of the thickness. These changes imply an increase of the axial ratio by 2.2--6.9%, i.e. substrate binding induces a decrease of anisometry. While the particle volume appears to be unchanged on binding glyoxylate or its analogue pyruvate, binding of acetyl-CoA causes slight changes of this parameter. In a similar manner the binding of acetyl-CoA leads to a slight enhancement of the molecular weight; this increase corresponds to the binding of 2.7 +/- 1 molecules of acetyl-CoA.

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