BookReetika Singh, Bechan Sharma.
Summary: Plants have always occupied a prominent position in the life of every living being. Plants are the primary source of food, shelter and medicines. The global inclination toward herbal medicine has advanced the expansion of plant-based pharmaceutical industries to a vast extent. The production of traditional medicine at global market has been estimated to touch US trillion by 2050. Some of the useful plant-based drugs include vinblastine, vincristine, taxol, podophyllotoxin, camptothecin, digoxigenin, morphine, codeine, aspirin, atropine, capscicine, allicin, curcumin, artemesinin and ephedrine. Genus Sapindus is an important economical and medicinal trees, distributed over the world. Soap nuts contain higher amount of saponin, a natural detergent which can be used to clean clothes and hairs. Sapindus species possesses various pharmacological properties including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, anti-trichomonas activity. Extracts of this plant are rich in various phytochemicals and polyphenolic compounds. All the pharmacological properties are due to presence of saponins. Biotechnological techniques can improve the saponin content; thus this chemical content can be produced at large scale and can be used as phytomedicine. We hope that this book would be of great use to under graduates, postgraduates, scientists, researchers and faculty members who are studying, teaching or working in the field of Biotechnology, Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology. The techniques explained in this book could be of immense use for the researchers working in this area. We shall deeply appreciate receiving any critical comments and suggestions from the readers from the different parts of globe which would help us improve the first edition of this publication.
Contents:
Intro; Preface; Contents; About the Authors; Abbreviations/Acronyms; List of Figures; List of Tables;
1: Introduction; Further Readings;
2: Morphological Characteristics of Sapindus Species; 2.1 Botanical Classification of Sapindus; 2.2 Sapindus mukorossi; 2.3 Sapindus trifoliatus; 2.4 Sapindus saponaria; 2.5 Sapindus rarak; 2.6 Traditional Uses of Sapindus Species; Further Readings;
3: Traditional Uses and Ethnomedicinal Values of Sapindus spp.; 3.1 History of Traditional Medicine; 3.2 Resources of Medicinal Materials; 3.3 Current Status at National and International Levels 3.4 Validation of Traditional Medicinal Values Through Scientific Experiments3.5 Herbal Shampoo Preparation; 3.6 Traditional Medicinal Uses of Sapindus spp.; Further Readings;
4: Biotechnological Advances in Sapindus sps.; 4.1 Introduction of Biotechnology; 4.2 In Vitro Regeneration of Woody Trees; 4.3 Regeneration via Organogenesis; 4.4 Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis; 4.5 Advantages and Limitations of Micropropagation Techniques; 4.6 Propagation of Sapindus Species; 4.6.1 Conventional Propagation of Sapindus; 4.6.2 Micropropagation Studies; 4.7 Mass Propagation of Sapindus mukorossi 4.7.1 Organogenesis4.7.2 Somatic Embryogenesis; 4.7.2.1 Seedling-Derived Leaf Explants; 4.7.2.2 In Vivo Leaf Explants; 4.7.2.3 Rachis Explants; 4.7.2.4 In Vitro Leaf Explants; 4.8 In Vitro Regeneration in Sapindus trifoliatus; 4.8.1 Organogenesis; 4.8.2 Somatic Embryogenesis; 4.8.2.1 Leaf Explant; 4.8.2.2 Development of Somatic Embryos in Saline Media; 4.8.2.3 Sepal Explant; 4.9 Genetic Fidelity Appraisal; 4.9.1 Genetic Fidelity in Sapindus mukorossi; 4.9.1.1 In Vitro Raised Plantlets from Leaf Explants; 4.9.1.2 In Vitro Raised Plantlets from Rachis Explants 4.9.1.3 In Vitro Raised Plantlets from Leaf Explants4.9.2 Genetic Fidelity in Sapindus trifoliatus; 4.10 Solubilizing Property; 4.11 Biodiesel Production; Further Readings;
5: Phytochemical Analysis and Pharmaceutical Development from Sapindus spp.; 5.1 Phytochemistry of Sapindus; 5.2 Phytochemistry of S. trifoliatus, S. saponaria and S. rarak; 5.3 Saponins; 5.3.1 Biosynthesis of Saponins; 5.3.2 Development of Sapogenin Diversity; 5.4 Evaluation of Phytochemical Activity from S. mukorossi; 5.4.1 Experimental Setup; 5.4.1.1 Material Collection and Preparation of Extracts 5.4.1.2 Preparation of Stock Sample of Extracts5.4.1.3 Antioxidant Activity; 5.4.1.4 Estimation of Reducing Potential; 5.4.1.5 Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS) Assay; 5.4.1.6 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Scavenging Assay; 5.4.1.7 Estimation of Total Phenolic Content; 5.4.1.8 Estimation of Total Flavonoid Content; 5.5 Observations; 5.5.1 Antioxidant Activity Through TLC and DPPH Assay; 5.5.2 [beta]-Carotene/Linoleic Antioxidant Assay; 5.5.3 Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Activity; 5.5.4 Reducing Potential from Leaf and Fruitś Extracts