BookTon J. Cleophas, Aeilko H. Zwinderman.
Summary: The authors, as professors in statistics at various universities in Europe, are worrried about the poor quality of safety data analysis of clinical trials, despite its importance in drug development and pharmacovigilance. Clinical trials, not adequately addressing safety, are unethical. An effective approach for the purpose is to present summaries of prevalences. In order to estimate the probability, that the differences between treatment and control group did not occur merely by chance, a statistical test can be performed. This pretty crude method has recently be supplemented with better sensitive methodologies, based on machine learning clusters and networks, and multivariate analyses. Another important novelty with safety data analysis is the new insights into hypothesis testing, favoring the alternative hypotheses instead of the null hypotheses. Finally the issue of dependency is addressed. Adverse effects may be either dependent or independent of the main outcome. Dependent adverse effect are dependent not only on the treatment modalities, but also on the outcome of the trials. Random heterogeneities, outliers, confounders, interaction factors are common in clinical trials, and all of them can be considered kinds of adverse effects of the dependent type. Random regressions and analyses of variance, high dimensional clusterings, partial correlations, structural equations models, and other Bayesian methods are helpful for their analysis. The current edition was particularly written for medical and health professionals and students. It provides examples of modern analytic methods so far largely unused. All of the 16 chapters have two core characteristics, first they are for current usage, second they try and tell what readers need to know in order to understand the methods. Step by step analyses are given and self-assessment examples are supplied. Each chapter can be studied as a stand-alone.
Contents:
Preface
General Introduction
Significant and Insignificant Adverse Effect
Incidence Ratios and Reporting Ratios of Adverse Effects
Safety Analysis and the Alternative Hypothesis
Forest Plots of Adverse Effects
Graphics of Adverse Effects
Repeated Measures Methods for Testing Adverse Effects
Benefit Risk Ratios
Equivalence, Non-inferiority and Superiority Testing of Adverse Effects
Part II The Analysis of Dependent Adverse Effects
Independent and Dependent Adverse Effects. Categorical Predictors Assessed as Dependent Adverse Effects. Adverse Effect of the Dependent Type in Crossover Trial
Confoundings and Interactions Assessed as Dependent Adverse Effects
Subgroup Characteristics Assessed as Dependent Adverse Effects
Random Effects Assessed as Dependent Adverse Effects
Outliers Assessed as Dependent Adverse Effects
Index.