Bookeditors, Janine M. Ziermann, Raul E. Diaz Jr. and Rui Diogo.
Summary: The vertebrate head is the most complex part of the animal body and its diversity in nature reflects a variety of life styles, feeding modes, and ecological adaptations. This book will take you on a journey to discover the origin and diversification of the head, which evolved from a seemingly headless chordate ancestor. Despite their structural diversity, heads develop in a highly conserved fashion in embryos. Major sensory organs like the eyes, ears, nose, and brain develop in close association with surrounding tissues such as bones, cartilages, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Ultimately, this integrated unit of tissues gives rise to the complex functionality of the musculoskeletal system as a result of sensory and neural feedback, most notably in the use of the vertebrate jaws, a major vertebrate innovation only lacking in hagfishes and lampreys. The cranium subsequently further diversified during the major transition from fishes living in an aquatic environment to tetrapods living mostly on land. In this book, experts will join forces to integrate, for the first time, state-of-the-art knowledge on the anatomy, development, function, diversity, and evolution of the head and jaws and their muscles within all major groups of extant vertebrates. Considerations about and comparisons with fossil taxa, including emblematic groups such as the dinosaurs, are also provided in this landmark book, which will be a leading reference for many years to come.
Contents:
Intro; Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; Contributors; About the Editors;
1: Evolution of Chordate Cardiopharyngeal Muscles and the Origin of Vertebrate Head Muscles; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Musculature of the Sea Squirt Ciona intestinalis and Amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae; 1.3 Evolution and Homology of Chordate Muscles Based on Developmental and Anatomical Studies; 1.4 Recent Findings in the Context of the New Head Hypothesis; 1.4.1 Development and Evolution of Chordate Muscles and the Origin of Jaw and Other Head Muscles in Vertebrates; 1.4.2 General Remarks; References 2.2.5.2 Homology of Placoderm Tooth Plates2.2.6 Musculature Associated with the Jaws, Hyoid Arch and Branchial Arches; 2.2.7 Evolution of a Neck and a Moveable Head; 2.3 Conclusions; Further Reading; References;
3: Cranium, Cephalic Muscles, and Homologies in Cyclostomes; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Skull and Jaw Evolution; 3.2.1 The Cyclostome Chondrocranium; 3.2.2 Development of the Chondrocranium; 3.2.3 The Evolution of Jaws; 3.3 Muscle Evolution; 3.3.1 Evolution of the Gnathostome Jaw and Mandibular Arch Muscles; 3.4 Summary; References
2: Early Vertebrates and the Emergence of Jaws2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Innovations; 2.2.1 Origin of the New Head; 2.2.2 Evolution and Development of Jaws and the Hyoid Arch; 2.2.2.1 Gill Arch Theory/Serial Hypothesis; 2.2.2.2 Evolution and Development of the Jaws; 2.2.2.3 Mandibular Confinement Hypothesis; 2.2.3 Separated Nasal Sacs and the Heterotopy and Mandibular Confinement Hypotheses; 2.2.4 The First Jaws in Phylogenetically Basal Jawed Vertebrates: The Placoderms; 2.2.5 Mineralization Associated with Jaws; 2.2.5.1 Organized Teeth and Dentitions in Early Vertebrates 4.5.4 Musculature Used for Breathing, and Spiracular Breathing4.6 Gill Arch Evolution; 4.7 Chondrichthyan Brains and Senses; 4.8 Sense Organ Development; 4.8.1 Smell/Olfaction; 4.8.2 Taste/Gustation; 4.8.3 Vision; 4.8.4 Color Vision in Sharks?; 4.8.5 Hearing and Mechanosenses; 4.8.6 Electroreception (Ampullae of Lorenzini); 4.9 Conclusions; Further Readings; References;
5: Actinopterygians: Head, Jaws and Muscles; 5.1 Introduction; 5.1.1 Osteichthyes; 5.1.2 Actinopterygii; 5.2 Anatomy; 5.2.1 Skull and Jaws; 5.2.1.1 Neurocranium; 5.2.1.2 Splanchnocranium
4: Chondrichthyan Evolution, Diversity, and Senses4.1 Introduction; 4.1.1 What Are Chondrichthyes?; 4.1.2 Historical Overview; 4.1.3 Evolutionary History of Chondrichthyans; 4.2 Early Origin of Holocephalans and Iniopterygians; 4.3 Major Events in the Evolution of Chondrichthyans; 4.3.1 What Makes Them Special?; 4.3.2 The Chondrichthyan Cranium; 4.3.3 Chondrichthyan Jaws and Jaw Suspension; 4.4 Chondrichthyan Dentitions; 4.5 Musculature; 4.5.1 Muscles for Jaw Mechanics; 4.5.2 Modification of the Jaw Musculature in Suction Feeders; 4.5.3 Jaw Musculature in Prey Crushers