BookDavid D. Fang, editor.
Summary: Cotton fiber is the most important natural fiber used in the textile industry. The physical structure and chemical compositions of cotton fibers have been extensively studied. Newer high speed spinning instruments are being deployed around the world that demand longer, stronger and finer fibers. Consequently, genetic improvement in fiber quality has been stressed. With improvement in fiber quality has come the realization that further fiber improvement will require a better understanding of fiber development and biology. As a consequence, cotton fiber developmental biology, genetics and genomics have become focal points in the cotton research community. As the longest single-celled plant hair, cotton fiber has been used as an experiment model to study trichome initiation and elongation in plants. This book provides a comprehensive update on cotton fiber physics, chemistry and biology that form the three sections of the book. In the physics section, the physical structure of cotton fiber is first illustrated in great detail. Then a suite of fiber properties and their measuring methods are described. The pros and cons of each method are outlined. New methods to measure physical properties of single fiber and young developing fibers are included. In the chemistry section, the chemical compositions of cotton fibers are described in detail. This knowledge is necessary for efficient modification of cotton fibers for better and broader utilization. The advancement in cotton fiber modification using chemical and enzymatic methods opened new ways to utilize cotton fibers. In the biology section, the book first introduces the utilization of naturally occurring color cottons. Color cottons possess unique attributes such as better fire retardant ability. Advancement in understanding fiber color genetics and biochemical pathways and new utilization of color cottons are discussed. Recent technological advancements in molecular biology and genomics have enabled us to study fiber development in great depth. Many genes and quantitative trait loci related to fiber quality attributes have been identified and genetically mapped. Some of these genes and QTLs are being used in breeding. Progresses in cotton fiber improvement using breeding and biotechnology are discussed in the last chapter. This book serves as a reference for researchers, students, processors, and regulators who either conduct research in cotton fiber improvement or utilize cotton fibers.
Contents:
Intro; Preface; Contents; Contributors; About the Editor;
Chapter 1: General Description of Cotton; References;
Chapter 2: Cotton Fiber Structure; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Structure of the Secondary Wall; 2.2.1 Diffraction; 2.2.2 Cellulose Crystal Structure; 2.3 Cotton Structure; 2.3.1 Interpretation of Diffraction Patterns; 2.3.1.1 Electron Diffraction of Secondary Wall Fragment; 2.3.1.2 Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction of Single Fibers; 2.3.1.3 Synchrotron Study of Cotton Fiber Bundle; 2.4 Rietveld Method of Crystallinity Analysis; 2.4.1 Problems with Current Methods. 2.4.2 Sample Analysis of TM-1 Upland Cotton2.5 Summary; References;
Chapter 3: Physical Properties of Cotton Fiber and Their Measurement; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Length; 3.2.1 Array Method; 3.2.2 Almeter; 3.2.3 Standardized Instruments for Testing of Cotton (SITC); 3.2.4 Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS); 3.3 Strength; 3.3.1 Single-Fiber Tensile Testing; 3.3.2 Flat Bundle Fiber Tensile Testing; 3.3.3 Tapered Bundle Fiber Tensile Testing; 3.4 Micronaire; 3.4.1 Micronaire Measurements; 3.5 Fineness and Maturity; 3.5.1 Cross-Sectional Image Analysis; 3.5.2 AFIS; 3.5.3 HVI; 3.5.4 Cottonscope. 3.5.5 Maturity Measurements3.5.5.1 Polarized Light Method; 3.5.5.2 Differential Dyeing; 3.5.5.3 Infrared (near Infrared (NIR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)); 3.5.6 Other Fineness Measurements; 3.5.6.1 Gravimetric Fineness; 3.5.6.2 Vibroscope; 3.6 Color; 3.6.1 Color Grades; 3.6.2 Reflectance (Rd) and Yellowness (+b); 3.7 Neps; 3.8 Fiber Cohesion; 3.8.1 Static Cohesion; 3.8.2 Dynamic Cohesion; 3.8.3 Energy Consumption; 3.9 Summary; References;
Chapter 4: Chemical Composition and Characterization of Cotton Fibers; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Physical Characterization of Cotton Fibers. 4.3 Direct and Nondestructive Analysis of Cellulosic and Noncellulosic Components4.4 Determination and Characterization of Cotton Fiber Cellulose; 4.4.1 Chemical Analysis of Fiber Cellulose Formation; 4.4.2 ATR FT-IR Characterization of Fiber Cellulose Formation; 4.4.3 ATR FT-IR Determination of Cotton Fiber Cellulose Maturity; 4.4.4 Assessing the Cotton Fiber Cellulose Crystallinity; 4.4.5 Relating Cotton Fiber Strength with Crystallinity; 4.4.6 Chemical Imaging Characterization of Cotton Fiber Cellulose; 4.4.7 Estimating Mesoscale Packing of Cellulose Microfibrils. 4.5 Determination of Cotton Fiber Noncellulosic Components and Their Implications4.5.1 Wax; 4.5.2 Sugars; 4.5.3 Pectins and Hemicelluloses; 4.5.4 Proteins; 4.5.5 Inorganics; 4.6 Conclusion; References;
Chapter 5: Chemical Properties of Cotton Fiber and Chemical Modification; 5.1 Chemical Properties; 5.2 Cotton Fabric Preparation; 5.3 Water/Oil Repellency and Self-Cleaning; 5.3.1 Plasma Modification; 5.3.2 Molecular Vapor Modification; 5.4 Antimicrobial Properties; 5.4.1 Sol-Gel Process; 5.4.2 Cyclodextrin Modification; 5.5 UV Protection; 5.6 Wrinkle Recovery.