BookSatabir Singh Gosal, Shabir Hussain Wani, editors.
Summary: During the past 15 years, cellular and molecular approaches have emerged as valuable adjuncts to supplement and complement conventional breeding methods for a wide variety of crop plants. Biotechnology increasingly plays a role in the creation, conservation, characterization and utilization of genetic variability for germplasm enhancement. For instance, anther/microspore culture, somaclonal variation, embryo culture and somatic hybridization are being exploited for obtaining incremental improvement in the existing cultivars. In addition, genes that confer insect- and disease-resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, herbicide tolerance and quality traits have been isolated and re-introduced into otherwise sensitive or susceptible species by a variety of transgenic techniques. Together these transformative methodologies grant access to a greater repertoire of genetic diversity as the gene(s) may come from viruses, bacteria, fungi, insects, animals, human beings, unrelated plants or even be artificially derived. Remarkable achievements have been made in the production, characterization, field evaluation and commercialization of transgenic crop varieties worldwide. Likewise, significant advances have been made towards increasing crop yields, improving nutritional quality, enabling crops to be raised under adverse conditions and developing resistance to pests and diseases for sustaining global food and nutritional security. The overarching purpose of this 3-volume work is to summarize the history of crop improvement from a technological perspective but to do so with a forward outlook on further advancement and adaptability to a changing world. Our carefully chosen "case studies of important plant crops" intend to serve a diverse spectrum of audience looking for the right tools to tackle complicated local and global issues.
Contents:
Intro; Dedication; Foreword; Preface; Contents; Contributors; About the Editors; Cell andTissue Culture Approaches inRelation toCrop Improvement; 1 Introduction; 2 Micropropagation; 2.1 Significance ofMicropropagation; 3 Meristem Culture; 4 Micrografting; 5 Somatic Embryogenesis; 6 Somaclonal Variation; 6.1 Induction ofSomaclonal Variation; 6.2 Causes ofSomaclonal Variation; 6.2.1 Chromosomal Changes; 6.2.2 Mitotic Crossing Over; 6.2.3 Apparent 'Point' Mutations; 6.2.4 Cytoplasmic Genetic Changes; 6.2.5 Amplifications andDeamplifications; 6.2.6 Transposable Element Activation. 2.4.1 Establishment ofAseptic Cultures ofExplants InVitro (Stage 1)Collection ofTops andExcision ofSpindles; Sterilization ofSpindles andPreparation ofExplants; Inoculation andIncubation ofSpindle Leaf Segments; 2.4.2 Shoot Multiplication (Stage 2); 2.4.3 Induction ofRoots andHardening ofPlantlets InVitro (Stage 3); 2.4.4 Transfer ofPlantlets toSoil (Stage 4); 2.5 Transplanting ofMicropropagated Plants intheField; 2.6 Production ofCommercial Seed; 2.7 Precautions toBeTaken During Micropropagation; 2.8 Scenario ofSugarcane Micropropagation. 2.9 Significance ofMicropropagation2.10 Problems Associated withMicropropagation; 3 Somatic Embryogenesis; 3.1 Regulation ofSomatic Embryogenesis; 3.2 Effect ofSource ofExplant onSomatic Embryogenesis; 3.3 Evidence forSomatic Embryogenesis andProteins Produced fromCallus; 3.4 Somatic Embryogenesis fromCell Suspension Cultures; 3.5 Somatic Embryogenesis andCryopreservation; 3.6 Somatic Embryogenesis andSynthetic Seeds; 3.7 Somatic Embryogenesis andPlant Regeneration; References; Production ofSuperelite Planting Material Through InVitro Culturing inBanana; 1 Introduction. 6.2.7 Methylation/Demethylation ofDNA6.2.8 Altered Expression ofMultigene Families; 6.3 Nature ofSomaclonal Variation; 6.4 Significance ofSomaclonal Variation inCrop Improvement; 7 In Vitro Production ofHaploids; 7.1 Anther Culture; 7.1.1 Significance ofAnther Culture; 7.2 Isolated Microspore/Pollen Culture; 7.3 Unpollinated Ovary Culture; 7.4 Embryo Rescue fromWide Crosses; 7.4.1 Bulbosum Method; 7.4.2 Wheat Haploids fromWheat × Maize Crosses; 8 Embryo/Ovule/Ovary Culture forWide Hybridization; 9 Somatic Hybridization; 9.1 Protoplast Culture andSomatic Hybridization. 9.2 Significance inCrop Improvement10 In Vitro Production ofSecondary Metabolites; 11 Cryopreservation andInVitro Germplasm Storage; 12 Genetic Transformation forDeveloping Transgenic Crop Varieties; References; Micropropagation andSomatic Embryogenesis inSugarcane; 1 Micropropagation: AnIntroduction; 2 Micropropagation ofSugarcane: Historical Perspective; 2.1 Micropropagation Through Shoot-Tip Culture; 2.2 Micropropagation Through Apical/Axillary Bud Culture; 2.3 Micropropagation Through Spindle Leaf Segment Culture; 2.4 Micropropagation ofSugarcane forCommercial Plant Production.