BookJean Marc Vital, Derek T. Cawley, editors.
Summary: This richly illustrated and comprehensive book covers a broad range of normal and pathologic conditions of the vertebral column, from its embryology to its development, its pathology, its dynamism and its degeneration. The dynamic anatomy of the living subject is viewed using the latest technologies, opening new perspectives to elucidate the pathology of the spine and improve spinal surgery. The respective chapters review in depth all sections of the vertebral column and offer new insights, e.g. the 3D study of vertebral movements using the "EOS system," which makes it possible to define an equilibrium of posture and its limits. New histological and chemical findings on the intervertebral disc, as well as detailed descriptions of the aponeuroses and fasciae, are also provided. Bringing together the experience of several experts from the well-known French school, this book offers a valuable companion for skilled experts and postgraduate students in various fields: orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, physiotherapy, rheumatology, musculoskeletal therapy, rehabilitation, and kinesiology.
Contents:
Intro
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Part I: Phylogenesis and Ontogenesis
Comparative Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton of Vertebrates
Introduction
The Organization Plan for the Vertebrates
Adaptive Constraints of the Living Environment
Constraints of the Aquatic Environment
Constraints of the Terrestrial Air Environment
Fish
Terrestrial Vertebrates
Amphibians (About 7000 Species)
Reptiles (Approximately 8950 Species)
The Cervical Spine
Birds (Approximately 10,000 Species)
Mammals (About 5500 Species)
The Cervical Spine
Structure
Movements The Craniovertebral Musculature
Postures
Thoracic Spine and Lumbosacral
Structures
Musculature
Postures
References
Embryology of the Vertebral Column
Genetic and Biochemical Considerations
Embryology of the Vertebromedullary Axis
Early Development
Trilaminar Embryo
The Notochord
Primary Neurulation
Secondary Neurulation
Formation and Differentiation of Somites
References
The Growing Spine
A Mosaic of Growth Cartilage
Vertebral Growth Is Growth by Endochondral Ossification
Embryology Holds First Truths The Fetal Period: The Strongest of All Growth Is the Intra-Uterine Period
Vertebral Curves Are Not Primitive But Acquired
At Birth, 30% of the Spine Is Ossified
The First Five Years of Life Are Decisive: Living Growth
Growth Between 5 Years and the Beginning of the Puberty
Puberty, a Decisive Turn: New Acceleration
Each Level of the Spine: A Different Growth
The Cervical Spine
Central Spinal Canal at the End of Growth
Cervical Spine Height
The Superior Cervical Spine
The Growth of the Atlas (Figs. 27, 28, and 29)
The Growth of the Axis Is Even More Complex The Lower Cervical Spine
The T1-S1 Segment (Figs. 31a, b, 32, and 33)
The Thoracic Spine T1-T12 (Figs. 34 and 35)
The Lumbar Spine L1-L5 (Figs. 36 and 37)
The Sacrum
The Intervertebral Disc
The Growth of the Thorax: 4th Dimension of the Spine
Bodyweight
Parasol Effect
What Size Deficit for Which Arthrodesis?
First Scenario: Arthrodesis of the Thoracic Spine
Second Scenario: Arthrodesis of the Lumbar Spine
All Scoliosis Will in Time Become Identified as a Growth Cartilage Disease
The Growth of the Spine: From Normal to Pathological Managing Infantile Scoliosis Is Controlling the Vilebrequin Effect
Suggested Readings
The Growth Cartilages of the Spine and Pelvic Vertebra
Neurocentral Cartilage (NCC)
The Ring Apophysis
Ossification of the Pelvic Vertebra
Bone Age During Puberty
References
Morphologic and Functional Evolution of the Aging Spine
Age-Related Structural Alterations
The Intervertebral Disc
Structural Modifications
A Fragile Avascular Tissue
A Genetic Predisposition?
Genesis and Contributions to Aging on Histomorphological Features
Aggravating Factors