Bookedited by Raj Bawa, Esther H. Chang, Gerald F. Audette, Anil Diwan, Saadia A. Faiz.
Summary: The pace and sophistication of advances in medicine in the past two decades have necessitated a growing need for a comprehensive reference that highlights current issues in medicine. Each volume in the Current Issues in Medicine series is a stand⁰́₀alone text that provides a broad survey of various critical topics⁰́₄all accomplished in a user-friendly yet interconnected format. The series not only highlights current advances but also explores related topics such as translational medicine, regulatory science, neglected diseases, global pandemics, patent law, immunotoxicology, ethics, theranostics, big data, artificial intelligence, novel imaging tools, combination drug products, and novel therapies. While bridging the gap between basic research, medicine, engineering, FDA law, intellectual property law, and regulatory science, the series provides a thorough understanding of medicine's potential to address health problems from both the patient⁰́₉s and the provider's perspectives in a healthcare setting. The range of topics covered, and the expertise of the contributing authors accurately reflect the rapidly evolving areas within medicine⁰́₄from basic medical sciences to clinical specialties. Current Issues in Medicine is essential reading for physicians, medical students, nurses, fellows, residents, undergraduate and graduate students, educators, policymakers, and biomedical researchers. The book⁰́₉s multidisciplinary approach makes it a valuable reference resource for the pharmaceutical industry, academia, and governments globally. However, unlike other series on medicine or medical textbooks, this series focuses on current trends, perspectives, and issues in medicine that are central to healthcare delivery in the 21st century.Volumes 1 and 2 in this series are focused on the current issues in basic medical science, subjects that are fundamental to the practice of medicine. These subjects are traditionally taught in the first two years of medical school that precede clinical instruction and training. They provide a core of basic knowledge critical to the success in clinical medicine during rotations through surgery, internal medicine, and the other specialties of medicine. Obviously, knowledge gleaned from these subjects leads to better ways to predict, prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. Specifically, volume 1 covers biochemistry, genomics, physiology, and pharmacology. Clinical specialties are covered in Volume 3. Volume 4 is directed towards diagnosis and imaging techniques, volume 5 focuses on drug delivery, and volume 6 highlights novel therapeutics and clinical applications.
Contents:
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Corresponding Authors
Note from the Series Editor
Engraving of the Bust of Hippocrates
Papyrus Fragment Showing the Hippocratic Oath
Facade of the Temple of Asclepius
Chapter 1: The Age of COVID-19: Medical Facts and Fiction
1.1: Emerging Pathogens: A Clear and Present Danger
1.2: SARS-CoV-2: Structure and Pathogenesis
1.3: Origin of SARS-CoV-2: A Chinese Lab Leak?
1.4: Vaccines, Herd Immunity, Transmissibility, and SARS-CoV-2 Variants
1.5: Vaccine Passports: A Bad Government Idea
1.6: COVID-19 Testing
1.7: Convalescent Plasma
1.8: Looking Back and Moving Forward: Will We Win?
Section 1: Medical Biochemistry and Genomics
Chapter 2: Role of Engineered Proteins as Therapeutic Formulations
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Protein Engineering Approaches
2.3: Protein Therapeutics
2.4: Protein-Based Scaffolds for Therapeutic Applications
2.5: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 3: How Physical and Chemical Information Predicts the Action of Molecules: A Historical Overview
3.1: A Definition for Pharmacology and Toxicology
3.2: Entities Do Not Act Unless Attached
3.3: The Language of Chemical Attachment
3.4: Types of Drugs and Their Actions
Chapter 4: Three-Dimensional Chromatin in Infectious Disease: A Role for Gene Regulation and Pathogenicity?
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Conclusions
Chapter 5: Aptamers, the Nucleic Acid Antibodies, in Cancer Therapy
5.1: Introduction
5.2: General Properties of Aptamers
5.3: Advantages and Limitations of Aptamers
5.4: Principle and Procedure of SELEX
5.5: Aptamers in Cancer Therapy
5.6: Cancer Therapy Aptamers in Clinical Trials
5.7: Conclusions
Chapter 6: Identifying Genetic Markers Associated with Susceptibility to Cardiovascular Diseases. 6.1: Methods
6.2: Diet and CVD Risk
6.3: Inherited Genetic Susceptibility
6.4: Pharmacogenetics and Future Potential
6.5: Conclusion
6.6: Future Perspective
Chapter 7: Production and Application of Multicistronic Constructs for Various Human Disease Therapies
7.1: Introduction
7.2: IRES
7.3: Self-Cleaving 2A Peptides
7.4: Multicistronic Vectors for Neurodegenerative Disease Therapy
7.5: Multicistronic Vectors for Metabolic Disease Therapy
7.6: Multicistronic Vectors for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
7.7: Multicistronic Vectors for Cardiovascular Disease Therapy
7.8: Multicistronic Vectors for Cancer Therapy
7.9: Multicistronic Vectors for the Prevention of Viral and Bacterial Infections
7.10: Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Chapter 8: The Nuclear Lamina: Protein Accumulation and Disease
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Basic Structure and Function of the Nuclear Lamina
8.3: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome: A Protein Accumulation Disease of the Nuclear Lamina?
8.4: Lamina-Associated Protein Accumulation in Neurodegenerative Disease
8.5: Mechanisms of Protein Clearance from the Lamina
8.6: Autophagy and Nucleophagy-Mediated Clearance of Lamina Proteins
8.7: Mechanisms Marking Proteins for Removal from the Lamina
8.8: Promoting Lamina Protein Clearance
8.9: Concluding Remarks
Chapter 9: The Importance of Protein Post-Translational Modifications in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Neurodegenerative Diseases
9.1: Introduction
9.2: Methods
9.3: Results
9.4: Discussion
Chapter 10: DNA Damage/Repair Management in Cancers
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Types of DNA Damage
10.3: DNA Damage Response
10.4: Components of the DNA Damage Response
10.5: DDR and Disease Treatment
10.6: DNA Repair Pathways. 10.7: Cell Cycle as a Checkpoint in DNA Damage
10.8: Effects of Chemotherapy or Radiation in Cancer Treatments
10.9: Potential Biomarkers of Chromosomal Abnormalities
10.10: Clonal Evolution in Cancer
10.11: Conclusions
Chapter 11: Advancing Clinical Cohort Selection with Genomics Analysis on a Distributed Platform
11.1: Introduction
11.2: Materials and Methods
11.3: Results
11.4: Discussion
11.5: Conclusion
Chapter 12: Pharmacogenomics of Tamoxifen
12.1: What Is Tamoxifen?
12.2: Why Is Pharmacogenomics of Tamoxifen Important?
12.3: The Controversy in the Tamoxifen-CYP2D6 Study
12.4: Future Direction of Tamoxifen Pharmacogenomics
Chapter 13: Nanocrystals: The Universal Formulation Principle to Improve the Bioactivity of Poorly Soluble Actives
13.1: Introduction
13.2: First Generation of Drug Nanocrystals
13.3: SmartCrystals: Advantages of the Second Generation
13.4: Conclusion and Perspectives
Chapter 14: Cellular Mechanisms of Human Atherogenesis: Focus on Chronification of Inflammation and Mitochondrial Mutations
14.1: Introduction
14.2: Cellular Mechanisms of Atherogenesis
14.3: Variants of the Nuclear Genome Associated with Atherosclerosis
14.4: Variants of Mitochondrial Genome Associated with Atherosclerosis
14.5: Role of Mitochondrial Mutations in Cellular Mechanism of Atherosclerosis
Chronification of Inflammtion
14.6: Conclusions
Chapter 15: Vitamin D Pathway and the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
15.1: Introduction
15.2: Results
15.3: Discussion
15.4: Materials and Methods
Chapter 16: The Structural Ensemble of the Conjugative F-like T4SS
16.1: Introduction
16.2: Regulation of Bacterial Conjugation
16.3: Structures Involved in Pilin Processing, Pilus Extension, and Retraction. 16.4: Mating Pair Stabilization Proteins and the Dynamics of Their Structural Ensemble
16.5: The Structures of Conjugative DNA Transfer Proteins
16.6: Surface and Entry Exclusion Proteins
16.7: Conclusions
Chapter 17: Polygenic Risk-Tailored Screening for Prostate Cancer: A Benefit-Harm and Cost-Effectiveness Modelling Study
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Methods
17.3: Results
17.4: Discussion
17.5: Conclusion
Chapter 18: Apoptotic Bodies: Particular Extracellular Vesicles Involved in Intercellular Communication
18.1: Introduction
18.2: Apoptosis
18.3: Extracellular Vesicles, Other than Apoptotic Bodies
18.4: Apoptotic Bodies
18.5: Conclusions
Section 2: Human Physiology and Pathology
Chapter 19: Circulating Tumor Cells and Personalized Medicine
19.1: Metastasis and Circulating Tumor Cells
19.2: Enrichment and Detection of CTCs
19.3: Clinical Implications of CTC Detection and Enumeration
19.4: Molecular Characterization of CTC and Personalized Medicine
19.5: Summary
Chapter 20: Pathology in the Era of Personalized Medicine
20.1: Why Is the Role of Pathologists in Personalized Medicine Important?
20.2: Practical Guidance for Molecular Pathology
20.3: Next-Generation Sequencing and the Pathologist
20.4: Conclusions
Chapter 21: Speech Intelligibility during Clinical and Low Frequency
21.1: Introduction
21.2: Methods
21.3: Results
21.4: Discussion
Chapter 22: Physiological Renormalization Using Systems Therapeutics
Chapter 23: Pathology Is Always Around Us: Apophenia in Pathology, a Remarkable Unreported Phenomenon
Chapter 24: The Secrets of the Mediterranean Diet. Does [Only] Olive Oil Matter?
24.1: Introduction
24.2: Definition and Composition of Mediterranean Diet
24.3: Mediterranean Diet and Diet Diversity. 24.4: Mediterranean Diet Contribution to Immunomodulation
24.5: Summary
Chapter 25: Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Healthy Aging
25.1: Introduction
25.2: Interplay between Aging and Microbiota
25.3: The Influence of Nutrition on the Microbiota and Aging
25.4: Conclusions
Chapter 26: Does Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Induce Inflammation? If So, Does It Mater? Current Insights and Future Perspectives for Novel Therapies
26.1: Background
26.2: Cross-Talk between Dyslipidemia and Immunity
26.3: Inflammatory Biomarkers and Atherosclerosis
26.4: Lipid-Lowering Treatment and Anti-Inflammation: Is There a Causal Relationship?
26.5: Inflammation as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerotic CV Disease: Insights from Recent Clinical Trials
26.6: (Cholesterol-Induced) Inflammation, Diseases Other Than Atherosclerosis, and Effects of Cholesterol Lowering by Statins
26.7: Residual Inflammatory Risk versus Residual Cholesterol Risk: No More Coin Flipping
26.8: Discussion
26.9: Conclusions
Chapter 27: Role of Biomarkers in Clinical Development of Cancer Therapies
27.1: Introduction
27.2: A Few Definitions and General Concepts
27.3: Role of Biomarkers in the Different Stages of Drug Development
27.4: Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 28: In Sickness and Health: Effects of Gut Microbial Metabolites on Human Physiology
28.1: The Impact of Gut Bacterial Metabolites on Host Physiology
28.2: Metabolism of Drugs and Other Xenobiotics by Gut Microbes
28.3: A Way Forward in the Search for Beter Therapeutics
Chapter 29: Current Methodologies Utilized in the Conduct of Randomized Clinical Trials
29.1: Utilization of Control
29.2: Placebo Control
29.3: Sham Procedures
29.4: Randomization
29.5: Methods of Randomization
29.6: Conclusion and Future Perspective
Chapter 30: The Prion-Like Phenomenon in Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence of Pathology Transmission in Humans.