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  • Article
    Røtterud OJ, Gravning GEN, Hauge SJ, Alvseike O.
    MethodsX. 2020;7:100829.
    The Hygiene Performance Rating scheme is developed by Animalia in Norway. This unique auditing tool for assessment of slaughter hygiene has been used in Norwegian abattoirs for the last 10 years. The Hygiene Performance Rating scheme visually evaluates and documents each operation on the slaughter line, assessing the factors that can affect the slaughter hygiene. The protocol is based on a systematic evaluation of general hygienic practices of each operation, such as the operators' hygienic behavior and risk handling of the carcasses, along with routines and management. The scores are registered in a web-based application. The observations are given a score from 1 to 3, where 1 means "acceptable", 2 = "potential for improvement", and 3 = "not acceptable". Scores for each position is multiplied with a weight factor for hygienic impact and risk (1, 3, 6 or 12) and economic consequences (1 or 2) describing whether the necessary improvement depends on a significant investment (1) or if it is a cheap quick-fix (2) and calculated into a percentage where 100% is perfect hygiene. A presentation of results for the involved parties, including operators, is a crucial part of the implementation of the Hygiene Performance Rating scheme.•Systematic auditing tool for evaluating slaughter hygiene.•Investigate and improve slaughter techniques and routines.•Comprehensive approach to achieve satisfactory results for slaughter hygiene.
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  • Article
    de Lima M, Roboz GJ, Platzbecker U, Craddock C, Ossenkoppele G.
    Blood Rev. 2021 09;49:100829.
    Relapse in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is common, especially in older patients, and there is currently no standard of care maintenance therapy for those who achieve complete remission. Finding effective, tolerable maintenance therapy to prolong remission has been a goal for decades, but early clinical trials testing a variety of agents demonstrated disappointing results with no overall survival benefit. CC-486, an oral hypomethylating agent, was recently approved in the United States for maintenance treatment in patients with AML in first remission following chemotherapy. A number of ongoing studies are assessing various therapeutics in the maintenance setting, including other hypomethylating agents, targeted small-molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulators. New strategies are needed to identify patients most likely to benefit from maintenance therapy, including those for whom a preemptive approach reliant on monitoring of measurable residual disease would be advantageous.
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  • Article
    Ranjeva S, Pinciroli R, Hodell E, Mueller A, Hardin CC, Thompson BT, Berra L.
    EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Apr;34:100829.
    BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by substantial heterogeneity in clinical, biochemical, and physiological characteristics. However, the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19 infection is poorly understood. Previous studies established clinical and biological phenotypes among classical ARDS cohorts, with important therapeutic implications. The phenotypic profile of COVID-19 associated ARDS remains unknown.
    METHODS: We used latent class modeling via a multivariate mixture model to identify phenotypes from clinical and biochemical data collected from 263 patients admitted to Massachusetts General Hospital intensive care unit with COVID-19-associated ARDS between March 13 and August 2, 2020.
    FINDINGS: We identified two distinct phenotypes of COVID-19-associated ARDS, with substantial differences in biochemical profiles despite minimal differences in respiratory dynamics. The minority phenotype (class 2, n = 70, 26·6%) demonstrated increased markers of coagulopathy, with mild relative hyper-inflammation and dramatically increased markers of end-organ dysfunction (e.g., creatinine, troponin). The odds of 28-day mortality among the class 2 phenotype was more than double that of the class 1 phenotype (40·0% vs.· 23·3%, OR = 2·2, 95% CI [1·2, 3·9]).
    INTERPRETATION: We identified distinct phenotypic profiles in COVID-19 associated ARDS, with little variation according to respiratory physiology but with important variation according to systemic and extra-pulmonary markers. Phenotypic identity was highly associated with short-term mortality. The class 2 phenotype exhibited prominent signatures of coagulopathy, suggesting that vascular dysfunction may play an important role in the clinical progression of severe COVID-19-related disease.
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  • Article
    Valverde A, Seal A, Nares S, Shukla D, Naqvi AR.
    Adv Biol Regul. 2021 12;82:100829.
    Human herpesviruses (HHV) are ubiquitous, linear dsDNA viruses that establish lifelong latency, disrupted by sporadic reactivation. HHV have evolved diverse ingenious mechanisms to evade robust host defenses. Incorporation of unique stem loop sequences that generate viral microRNAs (v-miRs) exemplifies one such evolutionary adaptation in HHV. These noncoding RNAs can control cellular and viral transcriptomes highlighting their ability in shaping host-HHV interactions. We summarize recent developments in functional characterization of HHV-encoded miRNAs in shaping the outcome of host-pathogen interaction. Non-immunogenic dissemination of v-miRs through exosomes confer added advantage to HHV in incessant modulation of host microenvironment. This review delineates the mechanistic role of v-miRs in facilitating viral persistence and tropism by targeting genes associated with cellular (apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell migration, etc.) and viral life cycle (latency, lytic and reactivation). Burgeoning evidences indicate plausible association of v-miRs in various immune-mediated diseases (nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neurological disorders, periodontal diseases, etc.) and herpesvirus-related malignancies indicating their broad-spectrum impact on host cellular pathways. We propose to exploit tisssue and systemic levels of v-miRs as diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancers and immune-mediated diseases. Therapeutic targeting of v-miRs will advance the promising outcomes of preclinical discoveries to bedside application.
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  • Article
    Frye RE.
    Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2020 10;35:100829.
    Several lines of evidence implicate mitochondria in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this review, we outline some of the evidence supporting this notion, as well as discuss novel abnormalities in mitochondrial function that appear to be related to ASD, and treatments that both target mitochondria and have evidence of usefulness in the treatment of ASD in clinical trials. A suspicion of the mitochondrion's involvement in ASD can be traced back to 1985 when lactic acidosis was noted in a subset of children with ASD. A large population-based study in 2007 confirmed this notion and found that a subset of children with ASD (∼4%) could be diagnosed with a definite mitochondrial disease. Further studies suggested that children with ASD and mitochondrial disease may have certain characteristics such as fatigability, gastrointestinal disorders, unusual types of neurodevelopmental regression, seizures/epilepsy, and motor delay. Further research examining biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction and electron transport chain activity suggest that abnormalities of mitochondrial function could affect a much higher number of children with ASD, perhaps up to 80%. Recent research has identified a type of dysfunction of mitochondria in which the activity of the electron transport chain is significantly increased. This novel type of mitochondrial dysfunction may be associated with environmental exposures and neurodevelopmental regression. Several treatments that target mitochondria appear to have evidence for use in children with ASD, including cofactors such as L-Carnitine and the ketogenic diet. Although the understanding of the involvement of mitochondria in ASD is evolving, the mitochondrion is clearly a novel molecular target which can be helpful in understanding the etiology of ASD and treatments that may improve function of children with ASD.
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  • Article
    Vink M, Gladwin TE, Geeraerts S, Pas P, Bos D, Hofstee M, Durston S, Vollebergh W.
    Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2020 10;45:100829.
    Self-regulation is the ability to monitor and modulate emotions, behaviour, and cognition in order to adapt to changing circumstances. Developing adequate self-regulation is associated with better social coping and higher educational achievement later in life; poor self-regulation has been linked to a variety of detrimental developmental outcomes. Here, we focus on the development of neurocognitive processes essential for self-regulation. We outline a conceptual framework emphasizing that this is inherently an integrated, dynamic process involving interactions between brain maturation, child characteristics (genetic makeup, temperament, and pre- and perinatal factors) and environmental factors (family characteristics, parents and siblings, peers, and broader societal influences including media development). We introduce the Consortium of Individual Development (CID), which combines a series of integrated large-scale, multi-modal, longitudinal studies to take essential steps towards the ultimate goal of understanding and supporting this process.
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  • Article
    Guimarães MGM, Tapioca FPM, Dos Santos NR, Tourinho Ferreira FPDC, Santana Passos LC, Rocha PN.
    Kidney Med. 2024 Jun;6(6):100829.
    Rationale & Objective: The use of hemodiafiltration (HDF) as a kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) has sparked a debate regarding its advantages over conventional hemodialysis (HD). The present study aims to shed light on this controversy by comparing mortality rates and cause-specific deaths between ESKD patients receiving HDF and those undergoing HD.
    Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central on July 1, 2023.
    Setting & Participants: Adult patients with ESKD on regular KRT.
    Exposure: Studies with participants undergoing HDF.
    Outcomes: Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, deaths related to infections, and kidney transplant. We also evaluated the endpoints for deaths related to malignancy, myocardial infarction, stroke, arrhythmias, and sudden death.
    Analytical Approach: We included RCTs evaluating HDF versus HD. Crossover trials and studies with overlapping populations were excluded. Two authors independently extracted the data following predefined search criteria and quality assessment. The risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane's RoB2 tool.
    Results: We included 5 RCTs with 4,143 patients, of which 2,078 (50.1%) underwent HDF, whereas 2,065 (49.8%) were receiving HD. Overall, HDF was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (risk ratio [RR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.91; P < 0.001; I2 = 7%) and a lower risk of CV-related deaths (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61-0.92; P = 0.007; I2 = 0%). The incidence of infection-related deaths was also significantly different between therapies (RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50-0.95; P = 0.02; I2 = 26%).
    Limitations: In individual studies, the HDF groups achieved varying levels of convection volume.
    Conclusions: Compared with those undergoing HD, patients receiving HDF experienced a reduction in all-cause mortality, CV mortality, and infection-related mortality. These results provide compelling evidence supporting the use of HDF as a beneficial intervention in ESKD patients undergoing KRT.
    Registration: Registered at PROSPERO: CRD42023438362.
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  • Article
    Liao L, Gao S, Xu Y, Su S, Wen J, Yu Y, Chen B.
    Mar Genomics. 2021 Jun;57:100829.
    Sea ice in the polar oceans is a dynamic and challenging environment for life to survive, with extreme gradients of temperature, salinity and nutrients etc., as well as formation of ice crystals. Bacteria surviving in sea ice attract broad attention from academia and industry, due to fascinating mechanisms for adaptation. Here we described the complete genome sequence of Marinomonas arctica BSI20414, isolated from Arctic sea ice. The strain tolerated high salinity and low temperature. Genetic features commonly related to adaptation to oxidative stress, osmotic stress and cold stress were detected in the genome. In addition, a large adhesion protein containing a putative antifreeze protein (AFP) domain was detected in the genome, similar with the giant AFP MpIBP from M. primoryensis. The presence of the putative AFP could facilitate M. arctica BSI20414 to bind to sea ice for favorable conditions and protect it from freezing. The genome sequence and the AFP reported here can provide insights into adaptation to sea ice and can be explored further for biotechnological applications.
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  • Article
    Rüegg AB, Ulbrich SE.
    Animal. 2023 May;17 Suppl 1:100829.
    Embryonic diapause in mammals describes a transient reduction of proliferation and developmental progression occurring at the blastocyst stage. It was first described in the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the 19th century, and later found to occur in at least over 130 mammalian species across several taxa. Diapause is often displayed as an interruption, a halt, or an arrest of embryonic development. In this review, we explore reduced, but not stopped pace of growth, proliferation and developmental progression during embryonic diapause and revisit early embryonic proliferation and continued slow development as peculiar phenomenon in the roe deer.
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  • Article
    Starodub R, Abella BS, Hoyt-Brennan AM, Leary M, Mancini ME, Chittams J, Riegel B.
    Int Emerg Nurs. 2020 03;49:100829.
    INTRODUCTION: Targeted temperature management (TTM) is recommended for cardiac arrest patients. Successful implementation of a TTM protocol depends on the nurses' knowledge and skills. The study's aim was to compare the level of knowledge, psychomotor skills, confidence and satisfaction before, immediately after and at 6 weeks after training nurses on the delivery of TTM with video lecture versus video lecture and high fidelity simulation.
    METHOD: Demographic variables were compared across treatment groups using t-tests and Chi-square tests. Change over 6 weeks after intervention was tested with mixed effects model.
    RESULTS: Fifty-two registered nurses were enrolled. Knowledge test scores, the primary outcome, did not differ between the groups immediately after the training (beta = 3.80, SE = 3.47, p = .27), but there was a strong trend 6 weeks after the training in favor of simulation (beta = 7.93, SE = 3.88, p = .04). Skills were significantly better immediately after the training in the simulation group, but no different 6 weeks later. No difference in confidence was found at either post-test point. Simulation-trained nurses were more satisfied with their training at both post-testing points.
    CONCLUSION: In this study of training approaches to TTM after cardiac arrest, nurses trained with video lecture and high fidelity simulation benefitted from this approach by maintaining their TTM knowledge longer.
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  • Article
    Ivleva EA, Grivennikov SI.
    Neoplasia. 2022 10;32:100829.
    A myriad of microbes living together with the host constitutes the microbiota, and the microbiota exerts very diverse functions in the regulation of host physiology. Microbiota regulates cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and responses to therapy. Here we review known pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic functions of microbiota, and mechanisms of how microbes can shape tumor microenvironment and affect cancer cells as well as activation and functionality of immune and stromal cells within the tumor. While some of these mechanisms are distal, often distinct members of microbiota travel with and establish colonization with the tumors in the distant organs. We further briefly describe recent findings regarding microbiota composition in metastasis and highlight important future directions and considerations for the manipulation of microbiota for cancer treatment.
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  • Article
    Silveira JM, Cesar Dos Santos A, Calado de Brito DC, de Oliveira MF, Conley AJ, de Assis Neto AC.
    Reprod Biol. 2024 Mar;24(1):100829.
    Sexual differentiation and steroidogenic mechanisms have an important impact on postnatal gonadal phenotypic development. Thus, establishing the activities that lead to male phenotypic development can provide a better understanding of this process. This study examined the prenatal development of cavies to establish morphological and histometric development patterns and protein and enzyme immunolocalization processes that are responsible for androgen synthesis in the testes and epididymis. Histological and histometric analyses of the diameter of the seminiferous cords and epididymal ducts of male fetuses on Days 25, 30, 40, and 50 were performed, as well as immunohistochemistry of the steroidogenic enzymes 5α-reductase and 17β-HSD, the androgen receptor, and the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Our findings showed a cellular grouping of gonocytes from Day 30 onward that was characteristic of the seminiferous cord, which was not present in the lumen at any of the studied dates. From Day 50 onward, the differentiation of the three anatomical regions of the epididymis was evident, the head (caput), body (corpus), and tail (cauda), with tissue distinctions. Furthermore, the diameters of the seminiferous cords and epididymal ducts significantly increased with age. On Day 50, the tail showed the greatest diameter of the three regions. The Sertoli and Leydig cells exhibited AMH immunoreactivity at all dates. In addition, the Leydig cells and epididymal epithelial tissue were immunopositive for 5α-reductase, 17β-HSD, and the androgen receptor; therefore, these factors influenced the development and maintenance of the testis and epididymis during cavy prenatal development.
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  • Article
    Drljevic-Nielsen A, Rasmussen F, Mains JR, Thorup K, Donskov F.
    Transl Oncol. 2020 Oct;13(10):100829.
    BACKGROUND: Preliminary data showed prognostic impact of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT) identified Blood Volume (BV) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). BV as an independent prognostic factor remains to be assessed.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: DCE-CT identified BV was prospectively quantified in patients with mRCC receiving first line therapies, adjusted for International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) individual features and treatments, and associated with overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response (ORR), using Cox and logistic regression, respectively.
    RESULTS: 105 patients with mRCC were included. Median baseline BV was 32.87 mL × 100 g-1 (range 9.52 to 92.87 mL × 100 g-1). BV above median was associated with IMDC favorable risk category (P = 0.004), metastasis free interval ≥ 1 year (P = 0.007), male gender (P = 0.032), normal hemoglobin (P = 0.040) and normal neutrophils (P = 0.007), whereas low BV was associated with poor risk IMDC features (P < 0.05). Patients with high vs. low baseline BV had longer PFS (12.5 vs. 5.6 months, P = 0.015) and longer OS (42.2 vs. 22.4 months, P = 0.001), respectively. In multivariate analysis high baseline BV remained independent favorable for OS (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.30-0.78, P = 0.003) and PFS (HR 0.64; 95% CI 0.42-0.97, P = 0.036). BV as a continuous variable was also associated with OS in the multivariate analysis (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96-1.00, P = 0.017). The estimated concordance index (c-index) was 0.688 using IMDC score and 0.701 when BV was added.
    CONCLUSIONS: DCE-CT identified Blood Volume is a new, independent prognostic factor in mRCC, which may improve the prognostic accuracy of IMDC.
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  • Article
    Repke MA, Ipsen C.
    Disabil Health J. 2020 01;13(1):100829.
    BACKGROUND: Social isolation has been compared to smoking in terms of risk to public health. Some groups are at particularly high risk for these feelings, including people with disabilities and rural residents. Few studies have considered the potentially compounding effects of disability status and rural residency.
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how reported satisfaction with social participation and perceived isolation relate to the health of rural and urban people with disabilities, and to consider whether number of disabilities, living arrangement, and employment status were associated with differences in reported satisfaction with social participation and perceived isolation.
    METHODS: This observational, cross-sectional analysis utilized data from working-age adults with disabilities (n = 1246) collected by the Collaborative on Health Reform and Independent Living (CHRIL).
    RESULTS: There were significant associations between reported health and measures of satisfaction with social participation and perceived isolation (all ps < .001). Increased number of disability issues, not being employed, and living with at least one other person were associated with reduced satisfaction with social participation (ps < .01), and number of disability issues and not being employed were associated with increased perceived isolation (ps < .01). Urban residents reported feeling more isolated (ps < .05) and there were multiple predictor x geographic residency (rural versus urban) interactions.
    CONCLUSION: These results underscore the importance of considering geography as a factor in understanding satisfaction with social participation and perceived isolation and how these factors relate to health in people with disabilities.
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  • Article
    Gill A, Ugalde I, Febres-Aldana CA, Tuda C.
    Respir Med Case Rep. 2019;27:100829.
    Despite the advancements made in medicine and treatment of tuberculosis over the last century, it remains a significant healthcare challenge. It remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent and the ninth leading cause of death worldwide. A 23-year-old male with a history of tuberculosis treated in Nepal seven years prior, presented to the emergency department with one week of hemoptysis, fever, chills, night sweats and weight loss. A CT scan of the chest showed multiple cavitary lesions at the superior segment of the left lower lobe. He had persistent massive hemoptysis and required blood transfusions. He underwent bronchial artery embolization followed by lobectomy. He was ultimately diagnosed with fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis, and required a prolonged intensive care unit with transfer to a regional tuberculosis center to successfully complete treatment.
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  • Article
    Priya Swetha PD, Sonia J, Sapna K, Prasad KS.
    Curr Opin Electrochem. 2021 Dec;30:100829.
    Even though global health has been steadily improved, the global disease burden associated with communicable and non-communicable diseases extensively increased healthcare expenditure. The present COVID-19 pandemic scenario has again ascertained the importance of clinical diagnostics as a basis to make life-saving decisions. In this context, there is a need for developing next-generation integrated smart real-time responsive biosensors with high selectivity and sensitivity. The emergence of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas biosensing systems has shown remarkable potential for developing next-generation biosensors. CRISPR/Cas integrated electrochemical biosensors (E-CRISPR) stands out with excellent properties. In this opinionated review, we illustrate the rapidly evolving applications for E-CRISPR-integrated detection systems towards biosensing and the future scope associated with E-CRISPR based diagnostics.
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  • Article
    Martin C, Burnet E, Ronayette-Preira A, de Carli P, Martin J, Delmas L, Prieur B, Burgel PR.
    Respir Med Res. 2021 Nov;80:100829.
    BACKGOUND: Elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor partially restores cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function, and has been shown to induce significant clinical improvement in patients with at least one Phe508del allele. Yet little data exist on patient perspectives following elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor initiation.
    METHODS: A mixed methods study was conducted using an online 13-item questionnaire (including 9 closed questions and 4 open questions), submitted from July 10th to August 21th 2020 to French patients aged 12 years and older with advanced CF who were treated with elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor. Their responses were summarized as numbers (%), and free-text items were analysed using a grounded theory approach.
    RESULTS: Of 245 patients who started elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor in France, 101 (41%) participated. Median [IQR] age was 35 [28-41] years and duration of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor treatment was 4.3 [3.0-5.6] months. Patients generally reported a rapid impact on respiratory symptoms, sleep quality, general well-being and physical self-esteem, and a reduction in overall treatment burden. The majority of patients contrasted treatment burden, symptom severity, depression and a closed future marked by death or transplantation before elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor, to renewed and unexpected physical strength, leading to greater self-confidence, autonomy and long-term planning, after treatment initiation. A small number of patients expressed concerns, mainly regarding changes in body representation and/or the fear of becoming dependent on the treatment.
    CONCLUSION: After initiation of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor, CF patients with advanced disease reported rapid and positive physical, psychological and social effects, which translated into improved quality of life and the formulation of new life goals.
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  • Article
    Keshavarz M, Jahanshahi M, Hasany M, Kadumudi FB, Mehrali M, Shahbazi MA, Alizadeh P, Orive G, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A.
    Mater Today Bio. 2023 Dec;23:100829.
    Amazing achievements have been made in the field of tissue engineering during the past decades. However, we have not yet seen fully functional human heart, liver, brain, or kidney tissue emerge from the clinics. The promise of tissue engineering is thus still not fully unleashed. This is mainly related to the challenges associated with producing tissue constructs with similar complexity as native tissue. Bioprinting is an innovative technology that has been used to obliterate these obstacles. Nevertheless, natural organs are highly dynamic and can change shape over time; this is part of their functional repertoire inside the body. 3D-bioprinted tissue constructs should likewise adapt to their surrounding environment and not remain static. For this reason, the new trend in the field is 4D bioprinting - a new method that delivers printed constructs that can evolve their shape and function over time. A key lack of methodology for printing approaches is the scalability, easy-to-print, and intelligent inks. Alginate plays a vital role in driving innovative progress in 3D and 4D bioprinting due to its exceptional properties, scalability, and versatility. Alginate's ability to support 3D and 4D printing methods positions it as a key material for fueling advancements in bioprinting across various applications, from tissue engineering to regenerative medicine and beyond. Here, we review the current progress in designing scalable alginate (Alg) bioinks for 3D and 4D bioprinting in a "dry"/air state. Our focus is primarily on tissue engineering, however, these next-generation materials could be used in the emerging fields of soft robotics, bioelectronics, and cyborganics.
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  • Article
    Lodde MF, Raschke MJ, Riesenbeck O.
    Trauma Case Rep. 2023 Jun;45:100829.
    An 85-year-old female patient was transferred to our clinic for surgical treatment of a complex FFP IIc. She had suffered a ground level fall 10 days ago and was still living independently. The patient was initially treated conservatively with pain medication and immobilization in an outward hospital. Due to the clinical symptoms and complex fracture pattern a physiotherapeutic assisted mobilization was not possible. The clinical examination revealed severe bilateral pain at the anterior and posterior pelvic ring. We performed a minimally invasive and an image-guided surgical stabilization. After surgical treatment the patient was mobilized with crutches for short distances. On the third day after surgical intervention the patient was discharged from our hospital into rehabilitation. This case shows the successful use of minimally invasive and modern navigation technique for treatment of a complex FFP.
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  • Article
    Agrawal R, Ding J, Sen P, Rousselot A, Chan A, Nivison-Smith L, Wei X, Mahajan S, Kim R, Mishra C, Agarwal M, Suh MH, Luthra S, Munk MR, Cheung CY, Gupta V, CVI.grid.
    Prog Retin Eye Res. 2020 07;77:100829.
    The choroid is one of the most vascularized structures of the human body and plays an irreplaceable role in nourishing photoreceptors. As such, choroidal dysfunction is implicated in a multitude of ocular diseases. Studying the choroid can lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis, progression and discovery of novel management strategies. However, current research has produced inconsistent findings, partly due to the physical inaccessibility of the choroid and the lack of reliable biomarkers. With the advancements in optical coherence tomography technology, our group has developed a novel quantitative imaging biomarker known as the choroidal vascularity index (CVI), defined as the ratio of vascular area to the total choroidal area. CVI is a potential tool in establishing early diagnoses, monitoring disease progression and prognosticating patients. CVI has been reported in existing literature as a robust marker in numerous retinal and choroidal diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current role of CVI with reference to existing literature, and make postulations about its potential and future applications.
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