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  Intracranial and spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas

  Xianli Lv, editor.

  Summary: The book introduces techniques, devices, device structures and therapeutic in dural arteriovenous fistulas. During past 4 decades, neurovascular or endovasuclar surgery developed fast and provide effective and minimally invasive treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulas. The treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulas has also seen substantial evolution, increasing the number of dural arteriovenous fistulas that can be treated successfully with minimally invasive therapy. Authors introduces the great advances in the techniques, devices and treatment concepts, which shows striking therapeutic benefit for dural arteriovenous fistulas. In each technique, authors introduce methods, cases, result, discussion and conclusion. The CT scan, MR imaging, angiography and surgical figures are provided in each chapter. Attending physicians, fellows, residents, medical students will benefit from reading this text.
  
  Contents:
  Intro
  Preface
  Acknowledgements
  About the Book
  Contents
  About the Editor
  1: Classifications of Cranial and Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas and Their Endovascular Embolization
  1.1 Introduction
  1.2 Zipfel Classification of DAVFs [13]
  1.3 Endovascular Approaches
  1.4 Transarterial Embolization
  1.4.1 nBCA
  1.4.2 Onyx
  1.4.3 PHIL and Squid
  1.5 Transvenous Approach
  1.6 Stereotactic Radiosurgery
  1.7 Surgery
  1.8 Endovascular Management Based on Zipfel Classification of DAVFs [13]
  1.9 Conclusions
  References 2: Pediatric Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Review of the Literature and Case Report
  2.1 Introduction
  2.2 Pediatric dAVF Classification
  2.2.1 Dural Sinus Malformation
  2.2.2 Infantile dAVFs
  2.2.3 Adult-Type dAVFs
  2.2.4 Other Classifications
  2.3 Pathogenesis
  2.4 Natural History
  2.5 Clinical Manifestations
  2.5.1 Symptoms of High-Flow Arteriovenous Shunts
  2.5.1.1 Pediatric DSM with dAVF
  2.5.1.2 Infantile dAVF
  2.5.2 Symptoms from Retrograde Venous Drainage
  2.5.3 Symptoms of Cavernous Sinus Involvement
  2.5.4 Other Symptoms 2.6 Diagnostics
  2.7 Treatment
  2.7.1 Endovascular Treatment
  2.8 Conclusion
  References
  3: Pediatric Dural Arteriovenous Shunts
  3.1 Introduction
  3.2 Classification and Description of Arteriovenous Shunts
  3.3 Angiographic characteristics
  3.4 Treatment
  3.5 Predictors of Poor Neurological Outcome
  3.6 Dural Sinus Malformations
  3.7 Infantile Dural Arteriovenous Shunts
  3.8 Adult-Type Dural Arteriovenous Shunts
  3.9 Conclusion
  References 4: A Small Tentorial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula with a Venous Aneurysm in the Pons Mimicking a Cavernous Angioma
  4.1 Introduction
  4.2 Case Presentation
  4.3 Discussion
  4.4 Conclusion
  References
  5: Endovascular Treatment for Traumatic Internal Carotid Cavernous Fistula: Current Difficulties and Solutions
  5.1 Introduction
  5.2 Angioarchitecture of TICCF
  5.2.1 Feeding Artery
  5.2.2 CS State and Fistula
  5.2.3 Draining Path
  5.2.4 Relationship Between Symptoms and Venous Drainage
  5.3 EVT Principle and Choices
  5.4 Transarterial EVT Technique 5.4.1 Reconstructive with Detachable Balloon or Coils
  5.4.2 Reconstructive with Covered Stent and FD
  5.4.2.1 Covered Stent
  5.4.2.2 Flow Diversion
  5.4.3 Deconstruction with ICA Trapping
  5.5 Transvenous or Combined Transarterial EVT Techniques
  5.6 Special Types of TICCF
  5.6.1 Bilateral TICCFs
  5.6.2 Recurrent TICCF
  5.7 Complications
  5.7.1 Technique Complication
  5.7.2 Cranial Nerve Palsy
  5.7.3 Ischemic Complication
  5.7.4 Trigeminocardiac Reflex
  5.8 Prognosis
  5.9 Summary
  References
  6: Angioarchitecture of Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

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• Article

  The medical use of gallium radionuclides: a brief history with some comments.

  Hayes RL.

  Semin Nucl Med. 1978 Jul;8(3):183-91.

  The use of gallium radionuclides in nuclear medicine dates back to the late 1940s, following the observation in toxicologic studies that gallium tended to localize to a high degree at sites of osteogenic activity. Initial attempts in the early 1950s to use 72Ga for clinical diagnosis and therapy of malignant bone lesions were unproductive. However, the basic information gained then in the preclinical and clinical investigations was quite instrumental in generating the present-day use of gallium radionuclides as effective radiopharmaceutical agents. Although initial clinical trials of 72Ga were unproductive, subsequent studies with 68Ga and 67Ga, together with advances in nuclear medical instrumentation, resulted in the identification of gallium radionuclides as effective tumor- and abscess-localizing agents. A major factor in the recognition of the peculiar biologic properties of gallium radionuclides was the existence of a carrier (stable isotope) effect. Also, it appears from basic studies of the mechanism(s) of the uptake of gallium in tumor tissue that the biodistribution of gallium involves many essential biologic processes. The future use of gallium radionuclides may, therefore, actually very well fall more into the field of basic biologic investigations rather than into the field of nuclear medical diagnosis.

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