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  Identification of Biomarkers, New Treatments, and Vaccines for COVID-19

  Paul C. Guest, editor.

  Summary: The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a serious global pandemic in just one year. Nearly every country and territory in the world has been affected by the virus. The virulence and infection rate of the virus are profound, and has required extreme social distancing measures across the globe in order to prevent overwhelming the healthcare services and hospitals. COVID-19 appears to have the greatest effects on elderly individuals and those who have co-morbid diseases, such as diabetes and obesity. As the cases and death rate remain high, there are justified fears of this virus remaining for several months or years to come. To address this, a rapid and unprecedented worldwide mobilization effort has begun to identify effective treatments and develop vaccines. As these begin to be deployed and administered across the globe, many now feel the virus will be brought under control and lives will eventually return to normal. This new volume will increase readers understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic through a series of chapters that address these concerns. Leading experts will discuss new treatment approaches, vaccine development, mental health aspects of the pandemic, and convey the results of survey studies. The book will be an excellent resource for researchers studying virology, metabolic diseases, respiratory disorders, and clinical scientists, physicians, drug companies, and healthcare services and workers.
  
  Contents:
  5: Age-Specific Differences in the Severity of COVID-19 Between Children and Adults: Reality and Reasons
  1 Introduction
  2 Age-Related Effects of Different Infections
  3 Age Effects of COVID-19 Disease
  4 Clinical Features in Children
  5 The Different Etiology and Severity of COVID-19 Based on Age
  6 Underlying Conditions and Severity of COVID-19 in Children
  7 Outdoor Activities and the Potential to Contract the Virus
  8 Immune System and Age-Related Differences
  9 Innate Immune Cells and Age-Related Differences
  10 IFN and SARS-CoV in Children Intro
  Preface
  Contents
  Part I: Background
  1: Genetic Aspects and Immune Responses in Covid-19: Important Organ Involvement
  1 Introduction
  2 Epidemiology
  3 Main Coronavirus Groups
  4 Genome, Genotype, and Protein Structure
  5 Mechanism of Infection
  6 COVID-19 Pathogenesis
  7 Respiratory Manifestations
  8 Extra-pulmonary Presentations
  8.1 Gastrointestinal Manifestations
  8.2 Cardiovascular Complications
  8.3 Haematological Disorders
  9 Immune Responses
  10 Therapy
  10.1 Drugs that Slow Viral Replication or Kill SARS-Cov-2 10.2 Vaccination
  11 Conclusion
  References
  Part II: Epidemiology
  2: Prevalence of COVID-19 and the Continued Citizen-Based Control in Japan
  1 Introduction
  2 Cruise Ship Outbreak and the Environmental Assessment
  2.1 COVID-19 Outbreak on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship
  2.2 Age-Related CFR Estimated from the Cruise Ship Outbreak
  2.3 Environmental Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 on the Cruise Ship
  3 Government-Recommended and Voluntary Measures to Protect Against COVID-19 Infection in Japan
  4 Detection of the Coronavirus in Laboratories in Japan
  5 Conclusions 3.1 Theme I: Emotional-Sensational-Paradox
  Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction
  Positive Experiences-Negative Experiences
  Relaxation-Stress
  Support-Rejection
  3.2 Theme II: Spiritual Growth
  Accepting and Submitting to Divine Providence
  Rethinking Material Possessions
  Seeking Stronger Divine Connection
  Tendency to Spirituality
  3.3 Theme III: Experienced Mental-Psychological Effects
  Unpleasant Thoughts
  Perceived Mental Stress
  Positive Thoughts
  4 Discussion
  5 Conclusions
  References
  Part III: Risk Factors and Outcomes 11 Adaptive Immune Response and Age-Related Difference.

  Digital Access Springer 2021
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• Article

  Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on pulmonary function and blood gases of infants with respiratory distress syndrome.

  Richardson CP, Jung AL.

  Pediatr Res. 1978 Jul;12(7):771-4.

  Nitrogen washout measurements and blood-gas analyses were made on 32 newborn infants with severe RDS at continuous positive airway pressures (CPAP) of 5, 10, and 15 cm H2O. Increases in airway pressure resulted in significant increases in PaO2 and functional residual capacity (FRC). It also produced significant decreases in alveolar turnover rates of the "fast" and "slow" alveolar spaces of a two-space lung model. Changes in CPAP did not significantly affect the distribution of ventilation. The changes in PaO2, due to changes in CPAP, did not correlate well with changes in FRC/wt nor with changes in alveolar turnover rates. Thus, the effects of increasing CPAP on PaO2 were not simply due to increases in FRC. The changes in PaO2 are due to a complex relationship between changes in FRC, alveolar turnover rates, and to other alterations in cardiopulmonary function that are yet to be fully understood.

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