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  • Book
    Marco Mossobrio, Redento Mora, editors.
    Summary: This book provides a thorough description of hexapod external fixators, from the theoretical basis to their practical application. Indications and practical use in current Orthopaedic practice are addressed in detail, offering the reader essential insights into the strengths and limitations of these devices. The main aspects covered, include primary (congenital) and secondary (acquired) deformities of the limbs: the etiology, pathomechanics, clinics, technical tips and tricks and suggested frame assemblies are presented. Each chapter addresses a specific Orthopaedic problem and includes representative clinical cases commented on by the authors. Illustrations and X-ray images support the discussion of the various themes treated in the textbook. Special attention is also given to deformity morphology and the consequent geometry of correction, as well as economical aspects and the biological risks of radiation exposure. A review of current nomenclature in external fixation is also provided as a quick-reference resource. Offering clear and straightforward descriptions of these devices and their current use in practice, prepared by leading international experts, this book will benefit expert surgeons and residents alike.

    Contents:
    1. History and evolution of hexapod external fixators
    2 Principles of hexapod external fixators functions: software and hardware
    3 Characteristics and usage modalities. Main systems
    4 Hexapod external fixators in acute fracture treatment and their complications
    5 Hexapod external fixators in the treatment of axial and rotation deformities and limb length discrepancies
    6 Hexapod external fixators in bone defect treatment
    7 Hexapod external fixators in pediatric deformities
    8 Hexapod external fixators in articular stiffness treatment
    9 Hexapod external fixators in foot deformity correction
    10 Problems, challenge, complications in hexapod external fixation systems. Contraindications
    11 Hexapod external fixators upgrade: motor powered frames , automation, deformity correction scheduling and remote control
    12 Ancillary usage of hexapod external fixators: Fixator assisted nailing (FAN), fixator assisted locking plate (FALP), lenghtening over nail (LON), bone transport over a nail (BTON) and lenghtening and then nailing (LATN). External to internal fixation conversion timing
    13 Ionizing radiation exposure
    14 Economical aspects and practical considerations
    15 Appendix: Deformity geometry
    16 Nomenclature.
    Digital Access Springer 2021
  • Article
    Franke WW, Grund C, Osborn M, Weber K.
    Cytobiologie. 1978 Aug;17(2):365-91.
    The system of the intermediate-sized filaments (IF) of rat kangaroo PtK2 cells which can be specifically demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy using certain rabbit autoantibodies and guinea pig antibodies against bovine hoof prekeratin has been studied by electron microscopy. The characteristic ornamental, curved arrays of this system are shown after fixation in situ in both thin sections and whole-cell-preparations to represent bundles of 6 to 11 nm thick filaments extending through the whole cytoplasm, although in some cells they appear to be enriched in the perinuclear region. While many individual IF are recognized in the cytoplasm the tendency of such filaments to aggregate laterally into bundles is one of their prominent features. Among such bundle formations one form that consists of tightly packed IF cemented together in a dense osmiophilic matrix is especially conspicious. The appearance and mode of arrangement of the IF is not significantly altered in cells treated with colcemid and/or cytochalasin B. Spatial relationships of IF with microfilament-containing cables and microtubules as well as with membranous structures are also described. IF are heterogeneous in width and reveal an unstained, apparently hollow core, indicative of a tubular organization. Many IF show small, sometimes periodically arranged lateral projections which seem to be involved in IF cross-linking. Associations with polyribosomes are common. The changes in the IF system during mitosis have also been examined. The structural details of the IF as well as their possible role as cytoskeletal elements involved in the control of cell shape and cytoplasmic architecture are discussed in relation to data on various intermediate-sized filaments from other cell types. The close similarity of the IF of PtK2 cells to aggregates of prekeratin filaments is emphasized. It is suggested that PtK2 cells represent an epithelial cell line growing in a state of balanced semi-keratinization.
    Digital Access Access Options