Bookedited by Rupert Lanzenberger, Georg S. Kranz, Ivanka Savic.
Contents:
Intro
Sex Differences in Neurology and Psychiatry
Copyright
Available titles
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Contents
Section I: Sex differences in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology
Chapter 1: Structural differences between male and female brains
Why Sex Matters: Searching for Differences Between Male and Female Brains
A Short Detour Into the World (of Human Brain Mapping): Global, Regional, and Local
A Mixed Bag: A Multitude of (Conflicting) Findings Based on Structural MRI
Global measures
Regional measures
Some general observations A specific consideration: The corpus callosum
Local measures
Voxel-wise gray matter volume
Vertex-wise cortical thickness
Point-wise cortical gyrification
Why Size Matters: The Possible Confounding Impact of Total Brain Volume
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Beyond sex differences and a male-female continuum: Mosaic brains in a multidimensional space
The Basis of the Mosaic Hypothesis: Studies in Laboratory Animals
Testing the Mosaic Hypothesis
Mosaic in human brain structure and connectivity as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Mosaic in brain connectivity
Mosaic in neuronal numbers in the post-mortem human hypothalamus
Mosaic in structural changes following exposure to severe real-life stress
A Comment on the Source of Differences Between Women and Men
Typical and Rare Brain ``Types ́́
Criticism of the Mosaic Hypothesis
Questioning the analytical method used to test the mosaic hypothesis
The question of prediction
The straw-man criticism of the mosaic hypothesis
Moving from a Male-Female Continuum to a Multidimension Space
Conclusions
References Chapter 3: Sex differences and brain development during puberty and adolescence
Introduction
Sex Effects on Anatomical Brain Changes Across Childhood and Adolescence
Anatomical brain changes
Cerebral cortex
Subcortical structures
White matter
Sex effects on anatomical brain development
Cerebral cortex
Subcortical structures
White matter
Greater male variability in brain structure and development
Behavioral and Functional Brain Changes and Sex Effects
Behavioral changes and brain functioning
Social and affective functioning
Social relationships Emotion processing and amygdala responsiveness
Behavioral control, risk-taking, and cognitive development
Sex effects in adolescent functional brain changes and behavior
Sex effects in affective brain functioning
Sex effects in behavioral control, risk-taking, and cognitive functioning
Sex steroid hormones at puberty and adolescence
Gender Identity Development
Gender incongruence
Sexual orientation
Effects of puberty suppression and gender-affirming hormones on brain and cognition
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References