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  • Book
    Ben Yuk Fai Fong, Vincent Tin Sing Law, Albert Lee, editors.
    Contents:
    Intro
    Foreword
    Preface
    Acknowledgements
    About the Book
    Contents
    About the Editors
    Contributors
    List of Figures
    List of Tables
    Part I: Principles of Primary Care and Systems
    Chapter 1: Renewal of Primary Care
    Primary Health Care: Roles and Challenges
    Health for All: Declaration of Alma-Ata
    Development of Primary Care
    History of Primary Health Care
    Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion in 1986
    The New Public Health
    The Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World (2005) The World Health Report 2008: Primary Health Care - Now More Than Ever
    Shanghai Declaration on Promoting Health in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2016)
    Primary Health Care Revisited
    The World Perspectives
    Cases of Developed Countries
    Cases of Developing Countries
    Priority Setting in Primary Health Care
    Evidence-Based Primary Care
    The Way Forward
    References
    Chapter 2: Philosophy of Primary Health Care
    Philosophy of Primary Health Care Needs Urgent Revisitation
    What Actually Contribute to Health Improvement? Failing to Meet the Challenges of Health-Care Provision
    Ecology of Health Care
    Management of Chronic Illnesses by Primary Health Care Versus Various Hospital Specialities
    Some Other Important Key Features of Primary Health Care
    Case Scenario Demonstration of the Key Features of Primary Care (Lee 2019)
    Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 3: Fiscal Sustainability Challenge and the Importance of Primary Healthcare
    Introduction
    Health Financing Models
    The Beveridge Model
    The Bismarck Model
    The Mandatory Savings Model
    The Private Health Insurance Model The Out-of-Pocket Model
    Major Challenges Facing the Current Healthcare Systems
    The Economic Benefits of Primary Healthcare
    Creating a Better Balance Between Tertiary and Primary Care
    Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 4: Sustainable Healthcare Systems
    Introduction
    Healthcare in Australia
    Medicare
    Overview of the Australian Healthcare System
    Primary Healthcare
    Access to Health Facilities and Services
    Tax-Funded Public Insurance and Lifetime Health Cover
    Shortage of Manpower
    Healthcare in the United Kingdom
    Role of NHS Overview of the UK Healthcare System
    Primary Healthcare
    UK Healthcare System Challenges
    Healthcare in Canada
    Strengths of the Canadian System
    Access to Healthcare
    Primary Care in Canada
    Drawbacks of the Canadian System
    Preference for Private Service
    Waiting Time
    Canada Health Act
    Elderly Care in Canada
    Healthcare in Hong Kong
    Key Initiatives
    Public-Private Partnership
    Primary Care Office
    Delivery of Quality Service
    Electronic Health Record
    Major Concerns
    Public Services Are Hospital-Oriented
    Challenges Practical and Sustainable Healthcare Systems
    Digital Access Springer 2020
  • Article
    Dykstra MA, Friedman L.
    Infect Immun. 1978 May;20(2):446-55.
    Mice were subcutaneously inoculated with small numbers of virulent Cryptococcus neoformans and divided into groups. Numbers of viable yeasts at the site were estimated at weekly intervals for 5 weeks on the basis of cultures of minced tissue excised from sacrificed animals. Organisms multiplied at the site for at least 4 weeks and were still detectable after the 5th week, although in reduced numbers. Agglutinins appeared within a week, but these antibodies were not detectable during the 2nd through the 5th week. Cryptococcal polysaccharide began to appear in the sera at 3 weeks, persisting through the duration of 5 weeks. All animals appeared healthy, but a few sickened after many months and died of systemic cryptococcosis. All of these events were observed in many separate experiments. The immunizing capacity of a cutaneous lesion was tested by challenging some of the above animals with viable C. neoformans after various intervals of time, either subcutaneously at a site distant from that of the vaccination or intravenously. Although we were unable to demonstrate reduced multiplication of yeasts in the brains, lungs, and spleens of intravenously challenged animals, it was possible to show that multiplication was inhibited at the site of subcutaneous challenge. It was noted also that vaccinated animals lived longer after lethal intravenous challenge than did nonvaccinated animals. The latter protection was observed, however, only when challenge followed vaccination by 3 weeks or longer, and it was effective only against a relatively low challenge dose. Mice were protected against a higher dose if they had previously received killed cryptococci, alternating subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculations, one of which contained a microbial adjuvant. No protection was observed in animals that were subcutaneously vaccinated with inert materials such as chitin, latex spheres, or even cryptococcal cell walls themselves.
    Digital Access Access Options