BookYouhe Gao, editors.
Summary: This book demonstrates the potential of urine as a biomarker resource for early disease detection, covering the related theory, strategies, tools and findings. Biomarkers are measurable changes associated with diseases. Blood, as a critical part of its internal environment, is closely monitored and controlled by the body to maintain homeostasis, especially in the early stages of diseases. In contrast, urine, as a form of waste excreted by the body, collects a variety of substance changes. Accordingly, urine can offer an ideal resource for early biomarker discovery. In addition, urine is more stable than blood in vitro, and is easy to store and analyze. The book discusses exciting preliminary applications of urine biomarkers for diseases affecting major biological systems. Its main goal is to make scientists, clinicians and medical companies aware of this important, exciting, undeveloped, and profitable field.
Contents:
Intro; Contents; Part I: Theory, Strategy and Tools;
Chapter 1: Urine Is Not a Human Waste but a Medical Treasure; References;
Chapter 2: Human Urine Proteome: A Powerful Source for Clinical Research; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Collection and Storage; 2.2.1 The Types of Urine; 2.2.2 Protease Inhibitor; 2.2.3 Preservatives; 2.2.4 Storage Temperature; 2.2.5 Freeze-Thaw Cycle; 2.2.6 pH; 2.2.7 Standard Protocol for Urine Collection; 2.3 Urine Preserved on Membrane; 2.4 Urine Preparation; 2.4.1 Organic Solvent Precipitation; 2.4.2 Ultracentrifugation; 2.4.3 Dialysis; 2.4.4 Ultrafiltration 2.5 Normal Human Urinary Proteomes Analysis2.5.1 2-DE Approach; 2.5.2 LC-MS; 2.5.3 High-Resolution MS Analysis; 2.6 Conclusion and Outlook; References;
Chapter 3: Comparison of Urinary Proteomes Among Three Animal Models; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Results and Analysis; 3.3 Research Prospects; References;
Chapter 4: Urimem, a Membrane that Stores Urinary Components for Large-Scale Biomarker Study; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Materials and Instruments; 4.3 Method; 4.3.1 Urinary Protein's Preservation Method by Urimem; 4.3.1.1 Urinary Protein's Preservation on the NC Membrane 4.3.1.2 Elution of the Urinary Proteins from the NC Membrane4.3.2 Urinary microRNA Preservation Method by Urimem; 4.3.2.1 Urinary Nucleic Acid Preservation on the Nylon Membrane; 4.3.2.2 Elution of the Urinary Nucleic Acids from the Nylon Membrane; 4.4 Technical Roadmap; 4.5 Discussion; References;
Chapter 5: Posttranslation Modifications of Human Urine; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Glycosylation; 5.3 Phosphorylation; 5.4 Acetylation; 5.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects; References;
Chapter 6: Application of Peptide Level and Posttranslational Modifications to Integrative Analyses in Proteomics 6.1 Introduction6.2 Changes in the Urinary Proteome in a PDX Model at Peptide Level; 6.3 Two Leukemia Cell Lines' Proteomic Analysis; 6.4 Open Search in Proteomics Analysis; 6.5 Conclusions and Outlook; References;
Chapter 7: Urinary Protein Biomarker Database 2.0: A Literature-Curated Database for Protein Biomarkers in Urine; 7.1 The Importance of Urinary Biomarker and Biomarker Database; 7.2 Urinary Protein Biomarker Database 2.0; 7.2.1 Biomarker Descriptions in UPBD 2.0; 7.2.2 Standardization of Database Content; 7.2.3 The UPBD 2.0 Website; 7.3 Perspectives; References Part II: Urinary Biomarkers of Diseases
Chapter 8: Urine Glucose Levels Are Disordered Before Blood Glucose Level Increase Was Observed in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Materials and Methods; 8.2.1 Animal Experiments; 8.2.2 Experimental Design; 8.3 Results; 8.3.1 Metabolic Parameters; 8.3.2 Glucose Changes; 8.4 Discussion; References;
Chapter 9: Cancer Biomarker Discovery in Urine of Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Models; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Changes of Urine Proteome in W256 Subcutaneous Tumor Model; 9.3 Changes of Urine Proteome in Other Tumor-Bearing Models