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  Sustainable Management of Phytoplasma Diseases in Crops Grown in the Tropical Belt : Biology and Detection

  Chrystel Y. Olivier, Tim J. Dumonceaux, Edel Pérez-López, editors.

  Summary: With 160+ countries and islands, the tropical belt is the geographical region centered on the equator and limited by the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Tropical agricultural production is mostly for local consumption but cash crops are also present. Tropical agriculture is characterized by a significant lack of capital in research and agricultural systems and by a high prevalence of insect pests and diseases. Phytoplasma diseases are associated by bacteria-like pathogens living in plant sap and spread by sap-feeding insects. They are emerging diseases and are difficult to control, mostly because their epidemiology is not known. This book will focus on detection and prevention of phytoplasma diseases in field and horticultural crops grown in the tropical belt. The book will review current prevention methods used in small and large-scale farms, and present research results aiming at developing sustainable management of phytoplasma diseases in the tropics.
  
  Contents:
  Intro
  Preface
  Contents
  About the Editors
  Chapter 1: The CpnClassiPhyR Facilitates Phytoplasma Classification and Taxonomy Using cpn60 Universal Target Sequences
  1.1 Introduction
  1.2 Results
  1.2.1 Generation of Novel cpn60 UT Sequences from Previously Unexplored Phytoplasmas
  1.2.2 The CpnClassiPhyR: A Cpn(60-Based) Classi(Fier for) Phy(Toplasmas Using) R(FLP) Analysis
  1.2.3 New Group/Subgroup Registration Service
  1.2.4 CpnClassiPhyR Output
  1.2.5 Application of the CpnClassiPhyR to the Identification of New Groups and Subgroups
  1.2.6 Discrepancies 1.2.7 Application of the CpnClassiPhyR to cpn60 Sequences Extracted from Genomes
  1.3 Discussion
  1.4 Materials and Methods
  1.4.1 Generation of cpn60 and 16S rRNA Amplicon from Phytoplasmas
  1.4.2 CpnClassiPhyR Code
  1.4.3 Phylogenetic Analysis
  1.4.4 Examination of Genome Sequences for 16S rRNA and cpn60 Gene Sequences
  1.5 Concluding Remarks
  References
  Chapter 2: Epidemiology of Non-culturable Phloem-Limited Pathogens of Citrus
  Case Study Phytoplasma
  2.1 Introduction: Citrus and Citriculture in Iran
  2.2 Challenging Diseases of Citrus in Iran 2.2.1 Witches' Broom Disease of Lime (WBDL), Host Range, and Plant Response to the Pathogen
  2.2.2 Greening or Huanglongbing, Host Range, and Plant Response to the Pathogen
  2.3 Practical Measures to Control Phloem-Limiting Pathogens of Citrus
  Case Study Phytoplasma
  2.3.1 WBDL and HLB Origins and Foreign and Internal Quarantine for Effective Sanitation Practices in Citrus Orchards
  2.3.2 Accurate and Early Detection of the Pathogen
  2.3.3 Vector Control by Chemical Spray
  2.3.4 Eradication of Trees with Symptoms 2.3.5 Control of CPa by Injecting Surfactant or Antibiotic Tetracycline
  2.3.6 Cross-Protection
  2.3.7 Breeding Programs and Horticultural Best Practices
  2.3.8 New Tools Through Implementation of Genetic Engineering
  2.4 Concluding Remarks
  References
  Chapter 3: Occurrence and Distribution of Phytoplasma Diseases in Iran
  3.1 Introduction
  3.2 Phytoplasma Diseases in Poaceae
  3.3 Phytoplasma Diseases in Vegetable Crops
  3.4 Phytoplasma Diseases in Oilseed Crops
  3.5 Phytoplasma Diseases in Alfalfa
  3.6 Phytoplasma Diseases in Weeds and Ornamental Plants 3.7 Phytoplasma Diseases in Pome Fruits
  3.8 Phytoplasma Diseases in Stone Fruits
  3.9 Phytoplasma Diseases in Grapevine
  3.10 Phytoplasma Diseases in Citrus Crops
  3.11 Conclusion
  References
  Chapter 4: Diversity of Phytoplasmas in Cuba, Their Geographic Isolation and Potential Development of Management Strategies
  4.1 Introduction
  4.2 Economically Important Plants Infected by Phytoplasmas in Cuba
  4.2.1 Sapodilla
  4.2.2 Soybean
  4.2.3 Papaya
  4.3 Diversity of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' Species in Cuba
  4.4 Insect Vectors Transmitting Phytoplasmas in Cuba

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• Article

  Heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and intestinal protozoa in asymptomatic travellers.

  Echeverria P, Cross JH.

  Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1977 Dec;8(4):476-9.

  Thirty-two asymptomatic travellers who had recently journeyed in the Near, Middle, and Far East and had experienced a high incidence of diarrhoeal disease were screened for heat-labile enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ent+ E. coli) and other bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Six percent were colonized with ent+ E. coli and while other bacterial pathogens were not found, the intestinal protozoa Giardia lamblia (13%), Entamoeba histolytica (6%), Entamoeba coli (6%), Endolimax nana (6%), and Entamoeba hartmanni (3%) were detected in the stools. Ent+ E. coli, G. lamblia and E. histolytica should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease in travellers returning from the Orient. Furthermore, these travellers may be a potential source for the introduction of ent+ E. coli into communities where such organisms are relatively rare.

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  PubMed