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  Management of macular hemorrhage

  Lars-Olof Hattenbach, editor.

  Summary: Sub- or preretinal hemorrhage involving the macula is a typical complication in a variety of ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, arterial macroaneurysm, Valsalva retinopathy, and trauma. However, there is currently no consensus regarding the ideal treatment for macular hemorrhage. The purpose of this book on macular hemorrhage is twofold: it aims both to impart valuable information on pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic aspects, and prognostic criteria under different conditions and to provide a systematic overview of therapeutic approaches that cover the most important situations a vitreoretinal surgeon might encounter when treating patients with this disorder. Case presentations, clinical photographs, and an extensive review of the literature supplement the important information on clinical decision making, surgical techniques, and typical pitfalls and invite the reader to explore the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to the management of macular hemorrhage.
  
  Contents:
  Types of Macular Hemorrhages and Clinical Appearance
  Macular Hemorrhage: Natural Course and Risk Factors
  Classification of Subretinal Hemorrhage
  The Pathophysiology of Subretinal Hemorrhage
  Anti-VEGF and Fibrinolytic Agents for the Management of Subretinal Hemorrhage
  Minimally Invasive Surgical Approaches to the Management of Macular Hemorrhages
  Surgical Treatment of Massive Subretinal Hemorrhage
  Macular Translocation in Submacular Hemorrhage Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration
  Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Choroid Translocation in Massive Submacular Hemorrhage.-Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatment of Pre-Retinal Hemorrhages
  Management of Trauma Associated Macular Hemorrhages.

  Digital Access Springer 2018
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• Article

  Immunofluorescence studies of intra cytoplasmic immunoglobulin binding lymphoid cells (CILC) in the central nervous system. Report of 32 cases including 19 multiple sclerosis.

  Mussini JM, Hauw JJ, Escourolle R.

  Acta Neuropathol. 1977 Nov 28;40(3):227-32.

  In 32 cases of human neurological disorders, including 19 cases of Multiple Sclerosis, an analysis was performed on formalin fixed paraffin embedded brain tissue by using fluorescein labelled antibodies and Nomarski optics. This method, which allows the reduction of technical artifarcts, permitted to establish the presence of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin binding lymphoid cells with IgG and IgA, more rarely IgM, in the majority of the multiple sclerosis cases. This supports the theory of the intrathecal secretion of antibodies within the central nervous system but does not allow to explain the function of those B. Lymphocytes. The same immunological picture was found in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. On the contrary, it was different in Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy.

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  PubMed