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  • Book
    editors Brandon R. Macias, UC San Diego, USA, John H.K. Liu, UC San Diego, USA, Christian Otto, NASA Johnson Space Center, USA, Alan R. Hargens, UC San Diego, USA.
    Summary: "Fluid distribution during spaceflight and impact on brain and vision health is an emerging field of high-priority research in the NASA human space program. International Space Station astronauts have developed ocular refraction changes during prolonged spaceflight. Within this book, experts review current data related to fluid shifts during microgravity exposure and the impact of fluid shifts on astronaut health. This work also compares current astronaut health problems with Earth-based health conditions such as elevated intracranial pressure and glaucoma. Chapters include discussion of altered fluid distribution, including intracellular and extracellular fluid shifts, eye morphology and vision disturbances, and intraocular pressure. In addition, chapters will include a discussion of advanced non-invasive technologies to investigate the abovementioned fluid volume and pressure variables. As such, the book aims to bridge health professionals, researchers, and science professionals by a presentation of ophthalmology topics critical to future human space exploration, thus providing new perspectives to solve emerging brain and eye disease on Earth and in Space."--Publisher's website.

    Contents:
    Introduction to visual impairment and intracranial pressure / Brandon R. Macias and Alan R. Hargens
    Early evidence of vision impairment after long-duration space flight / Thomas H. Mader and C. Robert Gibson
    Eye, orbit, and pituitary MRI : relevance to space medicine / Larry A. Kramer
    Fluid shifts and cardiovascular-related factors that may contribute to the VIIP syndrome in astronauts / Michael B. Stenger, Steven S. Laurie, Stuart M.C. Lee
    Intracranial pressure physiology and VIIP / Sara Qvarlander and Michael A. Williams
    High-altitude illness and intracranial pressure / Mark H. Wilson
    Noninvasive measurement of intracranial pressure with the Vvittamed absolute value meter / Eric M. Bershad and Richard Dunham
    NASA's research approach to the visual impairment intracranial pressure risk / Christian Otto
    Advanced imaging of the intracranial physiology of spaceflight / Donna R. Roberts, Thomas McLaren and Michael U. Antonucci
    Sensory and sensorimotor changes with spaceflight : implications for functional performance / Rachael D. Seidler, Vincent Koppelmans, Jacob Bloomberg and Ajitkumar P. Mulavara
    Lower body negative pressure as a VIIP countermeasure / Jessica M. Scott and John B. Charles
    A pressure theory links the VIIP syndrome and eye diseases / John H.K. Liu.
    Digital Access World Scientific 2017
  • Article
    Rifkin GD, Silva J, Fekety R.
    Gastroenterology. 1978 Jan;74(1):52-7.
    The production of toxic substances by intestinal bacteria is one pathogenic mechanism proposed for antibiotic-associated colitis. We demonstrated the presence of a toxic substance(s) in the feces of hamsters developing clindamycin-induced enterocolitis. Suspensions derived from cecal contents of clindamycin-treated animals induced a hemorrhagic ileocecitis and death within 2 to 4 days after being given orogastrically to hamsters. Intraperitoneal injection of sterile filtrates of these suspensions produced an exudative peritonitis, intraabdominal hemorrhages, and death of 80 to 100% of hamsters within 1 day. These effects were not seen with intraperitoneal injection of clindamycin or endotoxin, only small amounts of which were present in the filtrate. Incubation of the filtrate in vitro with polyvalent clostridial antitoxin neuralized its toxicity. In vitro incubation of the filtrate with normal equine serum did not reduce its in vivo toxicity. The toxic substance(s) contained in the filtrate was heat-labile and produced morphological changes in Y-1 adrenal cell cultures characteristic of heat-labile enterotoxins. Cecal filtrates obtained from saline-treated animals produced none of these effects. These preliminary studies suggest that enterotoxin-like substances, possibly produced by clostridia, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of clindamycin-induced colitis in the hamster.
    Digital Access Access Options