Particle Therapy in the Third Millennium Current Status and Future Outlook -- Development of Cyclotrons for Proton and Particle Therapy -- Development of C-ion Radiotherapy Technologies in Japan -- Physical rationale for protontherapy and elements to build a clinical center -- Radiation Dosimetry of Proton Beams -- Clinical pencil beam scanning: present and future practices -- Treatment planning for protons -- An essay.- Radiation Therapy with Protons and Heavy Ions -- Robustness Quantification and Worst-Case Robust Optimization in Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy -- Modeling of Biological Effect of Charged Particles for C-Ion RT -- SFUD, IMPT and plan robustness.