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  • Book
    Lynn B. Gerald, Cristine E. Berry, editors.
    Contents:
    Introduction to Health Disparities in Respiratory Medicine
    Health Disparities in Tobacco Smoking and Smoke Exposure
    Health Disparities Related to Environmental Air Quality
    Health Disparities in Occupational Exposures
    Health Disparities and Pulmonary Function Testing.- Health Disparities as They Relate to Medication Adherence
    Health Disparities in Ards
    Social Disparities in Lung Growth and Respiratory Health
    Health Disparities in Asthma
    Health Disparities in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    Health Disparities and Tuberculosis
    Disparities in Lung Cancer Outcomes
    Health Disparities in Critical Illness
    Health Disparities in Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
    Health Disparities in End-of-Life Care
    Where Do We Go From Here? Improving Disparities in Respiratory Health.
    Digital Access Springer 2016
  • Article
    Block MA.
    Ann Surg. 1977 Feb;185(2):133-44.
    Greater precision has developed in recent decades in the selection of patients for operation for thyroid nodules suspicious for malignancy and in adapting operative procedures to the extent and pathologic variety of the individual thyroid carcinoma, when present. A thyroid lobectomy is considered to be the minimal operative procedure usually indicated for a suspicious thyroid nodule or carcinoma involving one lobe of the thyroid gland. Factors determining the extent of operation for thyroid carcinoma include the pathologic variety, gross distribution of the malignancy, and health status of the individual patient. Total or near total thyroidectomy should be considered for all patients with thyroid carcinoma except for single occult carcinomas and unilateral low grade angio-invasive carcinomas. Removal of lymph nodes in regions adjacent to the thyroid carcinoma is advisable, lateral neck dissections being reserved for patients with palpable lymphadenopathy, demonstrated metastases to lateral cervical lymph nodes, or a poorly differentiated carcinoma likely to metastasize to these lymph nodes. A modified radical lymph node dissection is satisfactory except for those carcinomas invading muscles in the neck. Anatomic neck dissections provide a better prognosis than incomplete lymph node procedures for patients with regional lymph node metastases. Following operation, patients should receive thyroid hormone therapy, be evaluated for possible treatment with radioactive iodine or other therapeutic measures, and be followed for evidence of recurrent disease as well as thyroid and parathyroid function. Adequate early operation is preferred to late ultraradical procedures, from standpoints of morbidity and prognosis. Unfavorable prognostic factors include extensive gross disease, poorly differentiated carcinoma present as the entire lesion or as foci in a differentiated carcinoma, and age over 40. With adequate surgical treatment, the prognosis for operable thyroid carcinoma is good.
    Digital Access Access Options