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  • Book
    [edited by] Daniel H. Kim, Gun Choi, Sang-Ho Lee.
    Summary: "As the understanding of human physiology has become more complete, the importance of preserving normal tissues has become increasingly clear in the field of surgery. This understanding gave birth to the concept of minimally invasive surgery that has conquered almost all surgical fields, including spine surgery. With recent advances and experience, minimally invasive spinal surgery (MISS) is gradually replacing conventional spine surgical procedures. The primary goal of MISS is to achieve outcomes comparable to those of open surgery while minimizing normal tissue damage and reducing recovery times. Advances in optics, radionavigation, and laser technology made MISS more accessible to surgeons and truly less invasive for the patient. Minimally invasive surgical techniques have touched the entire spinal column, from the cervical to the lumbosacral spine. The MISS spectrum ranges from simple disk surgeries to the most complicated spine surgeries, such as deformity correction. Of all MISS procedures, percutaneous endoscopic disk surgery has attracted the most attention from the global spine surgery community and has enjoyed phenomenal advances in sophistication in the past decade. The remainder of the chapter presents a historical account of percutaneous disk surgeries for the lumbar and cervical spine. "--Provided by publisher.

    Contents:
    Principles and essentials of percutaneous endoscopic spine surgery
    History of endoscopic spine surgery
    Endoscopic surgical instruments
    Operating room setup
    Selection and use of lasers and their safety
    Anesthesia
    Percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy (PECD)
    Applied anatomy for percutaneous approaches to the cervical spine
    Surgical techniques in percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy
    Case presentations and surgical technique: percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy
    Complications in percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy
    Percutaneous endoscopic thoracic diskectomy (PETD)
    Applied anatomy and percutaneous approaches to the thoracic spine
    Surgical techniques in percutaneous endoscopic thoracic diskectomy
    Case presentations and surgical technique: percutaneous endoscopic thoracic diskectomy
    Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar diskectomy (PELD)
    Applied anatomy and percutaneous approaches to the lumbar spine
    Transforaminal surgical approach
    Extraforaminal surgical approach
    Surgical technique for migrated disk with foraminoplasty
    Interlaminar surgical approach
    Case presentations and surgical technique: percutaneous endoscopic lumbar diskectomy
    Case presentations and surgical technique: special lumbar cases
    Complications in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar diskectomy.
  • Article
    Chan YS, Hwang JC, Cheung YM.
    Exp Brain Res. 1979 May 02;35(3):591-4.
    In ketamine anesthetized cats, the contralateral labyrinth, the ipsilateral utricle, the ipsilateral horizontal and anterior semicircular canal nerves were completely destroyed, leaving the ipsilateral saccule intact. Neurons in the Deiters' nucleus, driven by electrical stimulation of the superior saccule, were responsive to static tilts in the antero-posterior direction. Results suggest that the saccule is capable of conveying information on head positional changes in the antero-posterior direction and that such information is retained at the level of the Deiters' nucleus.
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