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  • Book
    Michael Riccabona ; with contributions by Brian Coley, Andreas Gamillscheg, Bernd Heinzl, Gerolf Schweintzger.
    Summary: Ultrasound plays an important role in the diagnostic imaging of infants and children and has indeed become the workhorse for many conditions. This is attributable both to the avoidance of ionizing radiation and to the unique features displayed on ultrasound in children in almost all body areas. In the future the potential of ultrasound can be expected to increase further owing to new developments such as ultrasound contrast material, three- or four-dimensional ultrasound, and ultrasound elastography. This book systematically covers the use of ultrasound in all organ systems and throughout childhood. After discussion of the basics, including physics, artifacts, and procedural details, decision making regarding the use of ultrasound is elucidated by listing next imaging steps based on recommended imaging algorithms. The indications and prerequisites for a particular examination are documented, and practical tips and tricks are highlighted. The normal, age-dependent ultrasound findings and typical appearances in different pathologies are presented in detail and illustrated by numerous high-quality images. Particular emphasis is placed on those findings that differ from the adult sonographic appearances. In addition to the classic pediatric abdominal applications, detailed consideration is given to neurosonography, echocardiography, chest ultrasound, musculoskeletal and hip ultrasound, Doppler sonography, and interventional ultrasound. The potential role of the most modern techniques in various situations is explained. Pediatric Ultrasound will prove an invaluable source of information and an indispensable aid to decision making and diagnosis for radiology residents, experienced (pediatric) radiologists, sonographers, pediatricians, pediatric surgeons and urologists, and all other physicians who deal with children as a part of their daily practice.

    Contents:
    Basics: Physics of diagnostic ultrasound (US). US techniques. Artifacts. Biological effects of US. Practical US approach. Documentation and reporting. Future US methods. Basics of (Color) Doppler sonography
    Diagnostic flow charts, imaging algorithms, and graphs: Urinary tract diseases. Tumors and oncology. Abdomen. Systemic diseases. Graphs and illustrations for standardized measurements and volume calculations
    US investigations of various organs and systems: Pediatric cranial neurosonography. US of the neonatal spinal cord. Neck and facial/cervical glands. Chest US. Basics of pediatric and neonatal echocardiography. Abdominal US. Musculoskeletal and other small part US. US-guided interventions.
    Digital Access Springer 2014
  • Article
    Perkins MN, Whitehead SA.
    J Physiol. 1978 Jun;279:347-60.
    1. The responses of neurones in the anterior hypothalamic and preoptic areas (POA/AHA) to stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) have been studied in urethane anaesthetized female rats. Extracellular unit recordings have been made from 150 neurones which were responsive to a single stimulus applied to the MFB at the level of the mammillary nucleus. 2. Forty-five per cent of these cells were orthodromically activated with latencies ranging from 7.5 to 100 msec. However, the majority of cells responded with latencies of less than 40 msec. 3. Marked inhibition of spontaneous activity was observed in 41.5% of the units. Response latencies of up to 40 msec were observed in these cells, the inhibitory periods lasting up to 150 msec. 4. A small proportion of cells (13.5%) were antidromically activated and the average conduction velocity of these neurones in the POA/AHA with axons passing down to the mid-brain was estimated to be 0.3 m sec-1. It is suggested that they represent part of the descending MFB. 5. The experiments did not show any discrete topographical organization of cells in the POA/AHA which could be driven by MFB stimulation although the units tended to be located in more lateral rather than medial areas. 6. The responses to iontophoretically applied dopamine (DA) or noradrenaline (NA) was tested on sixty-one cells. These amines suppressed the activity of the majority of both orthodromically activated and inhibited units; the remaining cells were unresponsive. 7. These results provide electrophysiological evidence for both a direct and indirect input of MFB fibres to cells in the POA/AHA and that these inputs can be either excitatory or inhibitory. The data also indicate that a small number of fibres in the descending MFB originate from cells in the POA/AHA. 8. The sensitivity of these units to NA and DA suggests an inhibitory aminergic input, although this evidence is as yet indirect. 9. These connexions of the MFB, with neurones in the POA/AHA may be part of the neural circuits important for extra-hypothalamic modulation of gonadotrophin secretion.
    Digital Access Access Options