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- Bookedited by Hans-Jörg Oestern, Otmar Trentz, Selman Uranues.Summary: All European countries, including those that have recently joined the European Union or are candidates for membership, currently show a clear trend towards an increasing number of accidental injuries. This holds true for a range of injuries, including accidents among the elderly, sports injuries, and trauma due to traffic accidents. The increase in the number of injuries is accompanied by rising expectations among patients, who anticipate good functional results even after serious injuries. Despite these developments, trauma surgery is not yet established as an independent field in all European countries. Against this background, there is a clear need for a book that covers the state of the art in trauma surgery. This volume, which focuses on bone and joint injuries orthopedic trauma is intended to help to meet this need. It will also serve to harmonize the practice of trauma surgery within the European Union and to prepare for the UEMS EBSQ trauma surgery.
Contents:
1. Rotator Cuff Tears / Martin Jaeger, Kaywan Izadpanah, and Norbert P. Südkamp
2. Posttraumatic Shoulder Instability / Martin Jaeger, Kaywan Izadpanah, and Norbert P. Südkamp
3. Proximal Humeral Fractures / Martin Jaeger, Kaywan Izadpanah, and Norbert P. Südkamp
4. Treatment of Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation / Klemens Horst, Thomas Dienstknecht, and Hans- Christoph Pape
5. Clavicle Fractures / Hans-Jörg Oestern
6. Scapula Fractures / Jan Friederichs and Volker Bühren
7. Humeral Shaft Fractures / Pol M. Rommens
8. Distal Humerus Fractures / Klaus J. Burkhart, Pol M. Rommens, and Lars Peter Müller
9. Coronoid Fractures / Klaus J. Burkhart, Pol M. Rommens, and Lars Peter Müller
10. Olecranon Fractures / Tobias E. Nowak and Pol M. Rommens
11. Radial Head Fractures / Klaus J. Burkhart, Pol M. Rommens, and Lars Peter Müller
12. Forearm Shaft Fractures / Hans-Jörg Oestern
13. Distal Radius Fractures / Hans-Jörg Oestern
14. Management of Hand Injuries / Susanne Hellmich and P.M. Vogt
15. Cervical Spine Injuries / Christoph Josten and Jan-Sven Jarvers
16. Spine / Markus Schultheiss, Daniel Gulkin, and Florian Gebhard
17. Pelvic and Acetabular Fractures / Reiner Wirbel and Tim Pohlemann
18. Pipkin Fractures / Vilmos Vécsei
19. Femoral Neck Fractures / Vilmos Vécsei
20. Pertrochanteric Fractures / Vilmos Vécsei
21. Femoral Shaft Fractures / Vilmos Vécsei
22. Distal Femur Fractures / Arne Berner and Michael Schütz
23. Patella Fractures / Hans-Jörg Oestern
24. Knee Ligament Injuries / Phillip Forkel and Wolf Petersen
25. Tibial Plateau Fractures / Philipp Kobbe and Hans-Christoph Pape
26. Tibial Shaft Fractures / Philipp Lichte and Hans-Christoph Pape
27. Fractures of the Tibial Pilon / Richard Martin Sellei and Hans-Christoph Pape
28. Foot and Ankle Injuries / Susanne Rein, Ken Jin Tan, Stefan Rammelt, and Hans Zwipp
29. Pediatric Fractures and Dislocations / Christoph Nau, Dorien Schneidmüller, and Ingo Marzi. - ArticleMatthews-Bellinger J, Salpeter MM.J Physiol. 1978 Jun;279:197-213.1. The distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at frog cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junctions was studied quantitatively using [1125]alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) labelling and EM autoradiography. 2. We found that, as in mouse end-plates, the AChR is localized uniformly along the thickened post-junctional membrane. In the frog muscle this specialized membrane constitutes approximately the top 50% of the junctional folds. 3. The receptor site density is approximately 26,000 +/- 6000 sites/micrometer2 on the thickened post-junctional membrane and falls sharply to approximately 50 sites/micrometer2 within 15 micrometer from the axon terminal. 4. alpha-BTX site density on the presynaptic axonal membrane was directly determined to be at most 5% of the value on the thickened post-junctional membrane. 5. The high post junctional AChR site density leads us to conclude that: (a) each quantum of ACh needs to spread only over a very small post-junctional area (to be called the 'critical area') before it encounters as many AChR (plus AchE) sites as there are ACh molecules in the quantum (for a packet of 10(4) ACh molecules this critical area is approximately 0.3 micrometer2), (b) the average concentration of ACh prevailing in the cleft over this critical area during a quantal response will be approximately 10(-3)M (independent of the size of the quantal packet), and (c) since 10(-3)M-ACh is large compared to any estimates of the dissociation constant Kd for ACh binding to the AChR, the ACh will essentially saturate the AChR within the critical area (provided the ACh binding rate is sufficiently faster than the ACh spreading rate). 6. The total receptive surface for a frog end-plate is calculated to be approximately 1500 micrometer2, and therefore an end-plate potential resulting from 300 quanta will be due to the activation of less than 10% of the total receptive area. 7. Free diffusion would allow each small post-junctional critical area to be reached in less than 15 musec. Therefore, either the recorded rise time of the miniature end-plate is not predominantly a function of ACh diffusion time, or, as suggested by Gage & McBurney (1975), the net rate of movement of ACh in the cleft is much slower than indicated by the free diffusion constant.