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  • Book
    Catherine L. Ross, Marla Orenstein, Nisha Botchwey.
    Contents:
    Part I. Context for HIA: integrating public health, planning and policy development
    Part II. Introduction to core concepts and key examples of HIA
    Part III. Applied learning: Conducting an HIA
    Part IV. HIA today and tomorrow.
    Digital Access Springer 2014
  • Article
    Watson J, Whitlock C.
    J Immunol. 1978 Jul;121(1):383-9.
    N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide) stimulates in vitro primary immune responses to SRBC in T cell-depleted (nude) spleen cultures. The stimulation of immune responses by muramyl peptide was antigen dependent. A microculture system was used to compare the T cell-replacing activities of several structural analogues of muramyl dipeptide and to compare the activity of muramyl dipeptide to helper T cells. In a limiting dilution analysis with excess helper T cells or muramyl dipeptide, the frequency of B cell precursors that respond to SRBC was similar, ranging from 1.5 to 5 X 10(-5). Decreasing the cell density in microcultures did not affect the efficiency of B cell precursor responses in the presence of muramyl dipeptide. Muramyl dipeptide was examined for mitogenic activity in spleen cell cultures. In serum-free medium, muramyl dipeptide stimulates slight (3-fold) increases in DNA synthetic activity. In medium supplemented with 5 to 20% fetal calf serum, muramyl dipeptide showed no significant mitogenic activity. There are a number of possible explanations for the T cell-replacing activity of muramyl dipeptide. The most likely is that muramyl dipeptide interacts directly with B cells to mimic the helper T cell signal in the inductive stimulus.
    Digital Access Access Options