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  • Book
    Ulrich Spandau, Heinrich Heimann.
    Summary: Since the development of 23G vitrectomy in 2004, the technique has revolutionized retinal surgery by overcoming a number of the problems associated with 20G and 25G systems and offering significant improvements in surgical capability and fluidics. This important book first discusses the instruments and equipment employed in 23G vitrectomy and then explains, step by step, the various surgical techniques with the aid of informative diagrams and many high-quality photos. In addition, videos are included that document the different procedures, from the straightforward to the demanding. This book will serve as an immensely useful guide for all surgeons who are intending to make use of this exciting and increasingly used technique.

    Contents:
    Introduction to small-gauge vitrectomy
    Equipment
    General considerations and techniques of pars plana vitrectomy
    Special techniques for pars plana vitrectomy
    Conventional vitrectomy with 3-port trocar system
    Bimanual vitrectomy with 4-port trocar system
    Diabetic retinopathy
    Dislocated IOL and dropped nucleus
    Endophthalmitis
    Detachment
    Trauma
    Surgical pearls
    Appendix.
    Digital Access Springer 2012
  • Article
    Hille B.
    J Gen Physiol. 1977 Apr;69(4):497-515.
    The properties of Na channels of the node of Ranvier are altered by neutral, amine, and quaternary local anesthetic compounds. The kinetics of the Na currents are governed by a composite of voltage- and time-dependent gating processes with voltage- and time-dependent block of channels by drug. Conventional measurements of steady-state sodium inactivation by use of 50-ms prepulses show a large negative voltage shift of the inactivation curve with neutral benzocaine and with some ionizable amines like lidocaine and tetracaine, but no shift is seen with quaternary OX-572. However, when the experiment is done with repetitive application of a prepulse-testpulse waveform, a shift with the quaternary cations (applied internally) is seen as well. 1-min hyperpolarizations of lidocaine- or tetracaine-treated fibers restore two to four times as many channels to the conducting pool as 50-ms hyperpolarizations. Raising the external Ca++ concentration also has a strong unblocking effect. These manipulations do not relieve block in fibers treated with internal quaternary drugs. The results are interpreted in terms of a single receptor in Na channels for the different drug types. Lipid-soluble drug forms are thought to come and go from the receptor via a hydrophobic region of the membrane, while charged and less lipid-soluble forms pass via a hydrophilic region (the inner channel mouth). The hydrophilic pathway is open only when the gates of the channel are open. Any drug form in the channel increases the probability of closing the inactivation gate which, in effect, is equivalent to a negative shift of the voltage dependence of inactivation.
    Digital Access Access Options