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  Essentials of percutaneous dialysis interventions

  Dheeraj K. Rajan, editor.

  Contents:
  Introduction
  Fistula First, K/DOQI and Documentation
  The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Pattern Study (DOPPS): Lessons for Interventionalists
  Controversies in Vascular Access Monitoring and Surveillance
  Clinical Relevance of Vascular Access Monitoring and Surveillance
  Molecular Mechanisms of Hemodialysis Graft Failure
  The Vascular Access Coordinator
  The Procedure Room, Equipment and Radiation Safety
  Patient Considerations and Preparation
  Patient Monitoring, Sedation and Post-Procedure Care
  Sterile Technique
  Contrast Agents
  Dialysis Catheters
  Dialysis Grafts Versus Fistulas
  Commonality of Interventions in AV Accesses
  Interventions in Dialysis Grafts
  Interventions in Dialysis Fistulas
  The Immature or Failure to Mature Fistula
  Cephalic Arch Stenosis
  Central Venous Interventions
  Hemodialysis Access Interventions: An Asian Perspective
  Pediatric Hemodialysis Interventions
  Puncture Site Management
  No Remaining Venous Access
  Radiologic Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion and Troubleshooting
  Complications and Possible Solutions
  On-Label, Off-Label, Misconceptions and Devices that Do not Work
  Publications of Hemodialysis Interventions: What Is Relevant?
  Interesting Cases.

  Digital Access Springer 2011
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• Article

  Studies on the product of antigenic recognition. I. Formation of the product in recognition of alloantigens.

  Ramseier H, Lindenmann J.

  Exp Cell Biol. 1977;45(1-2):60-88.

  A product of antigenic recognition (PAR) was produced whenever receptors for alloantigens from T lymphocytes or a principle present in T-cell dependent alloantisera interacted with alloantigen. With two forms of the PAR assay (direct and indirect) the mechanisms underlying these interactions have been analyzed. For the interaction of T-lymphocyte receptors with alloantigen measured with direct PAR assays, the following conclusion emerged: upon confrontation with alloantigen, receptors (if not already present in secreted form) had first to be released from T-cell membranes. Shed T-cell receptors interacted with alloantigens by solubilizing them. Both processes could be prevented by fixing cells with formaldehyde. Release of T-cell receptors was temperature-dependent, solubilization of alloantigens was not. Because in mixed cell cultures receptors had first to be shed, this process was considerably slower and, in concordance with temperature dependence of receptor release, took place only at 37 degrees C. Titration of T lymphocytes with 'bound' receptors by the direct PAR test revealed that in the presence of excess alloantigen 10(2) T cells sufficed to give measurable responses. Supernates of parental strain lymphocytes containing numerous T-cell receptor specificities could be depleted of one of them. Alloantisera raised in presence of T helper cells ('T alloantisera') contained a principle capable of recognizing alloantigens, alloantisera incited in the absence of T helpers ('B alloantisera') did not. The recognizing principle appeared to be IgG. Like T-cell receptors, it was capable of solubilizing alloantigens form target cell membranes. B alloantisera lacked this capacity and their alloantigen-recognizing moiety was found to be monomeric IgM. The mode of interaction of this IgM with alloantigen most likely consisted in fixation to and shielding of antigen.

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  PubMed