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  • Article
    Choi H, Yi J, Cho SH, Hahn SK.
    Biomaterials. 2021 12;279:121201.
    Self-propelling micro- and nano-motors (MNMs) are emerging as a multifunctional platform for smart healthcare applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, and targeted drug delivery with high tissue penetration, stirring effect, and rapid drug transport. MNMs can be propelled and/or guided by chemical substances or external stimuli including ultrasound, magnetic field, and light. In addition, enzymatically powered MNMs and biohybrid micromotors have been developed using the biological components in the body. In this review, we describe emerging MNMs focusing on their smart propulsion systems, and diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Finally, we highlight several MNMs for in vivo applications and discuss the future perspectives of MNMs on their current limitations and possibilities toward further clinical applications.
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  • Article
    Lenhart D, Tischhöfer MT, Gruber R, Maag K, Reiter C, Alban S.
    Carbohydr Polym. 2023 Nov 01;319:121201.
    Pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) is a semi-synthetic, heparin-like polysaccharide with manifold therapeutic actions. It is approved for treatment of bladder pain syndrome / interstitial cystitis in humans and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases in animals. PPS is produced by a complex procedure using beech wood as starting material. It consists of a mixture of sulfated glucuronoxylans, whose structural composition cannot be fully characterized by physicochemical analysis. The question arises whether PPS follow-on products are identical with the original and thus meet the requirement for generic drug application. The aim of this study was to investigate whether commercially available PPS products differ in physicochemical characteristics and biological effects from the original. Ten PPS preparations from different manufactures were analyzed using orthogonal analytical techniques including, inter alia, size exclusion chromatography with triple detection, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy in aqueous solution with chemometric evaluation. For functional analysis, we measured the plasma kallikrein generation in human plasma and FXII activation. The study revealed significant structural and biological differences between PPS from different sources. Therefore, follow-on products cannot be considered identical but at best similar to original PPS. However, their similar efficacy and safety have still to be proven by comprehensive studies.
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  • Article
    Xu T, Yang J, Shao Z, Shen C, Yao F, Xia J, Zheng J, Wu Y, Kan S.
    J Environ Manage. 2024 Jun;360:121201.
    The explosive growth of China's express delivery industry has greatly increased plastic waste, with low-value plastics not effectively utilized, such as PE packaging bags, which are often not recycled and end up in landfills or incinerators, causing significant resource waste and severe plastic pollution. A gate -to- grave life cycle assessment was adopted to assess the impacts of express delivery plastic waste (EDPW) management models (S1, landfill; S2, incineration; S3, mechanical pelletization), with Suzhou, China as a case. Results showed that mechanical pelletization, was the most environmentally advantageous, exhibiting a comprehensive environmental impact potential of -215.54 Pt, significantly lower than that of landfill (S1, 78.45 Pt) and incineration (S2, -121.77 Pt). The analysis identified that the end-of-life disposal and sorting stages were the principal contributors to environmental impacts in all three models, with transportation and transfer stages of residual waste having minimal effects. In terms of all environmental impact categories, human carcinogenic toxicity (HTc) emerged as the most significant contributor in all three scenarios. Specifically, S1 exhibited the most detrimental effect on human health, while S2 and S3 showed positive environmental impacts. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the application and innovation in mechanical recycling technologies be enhanced, the promotion of the eco-friendly transformation of packaging materials be pursued, and a sustainable express delivery packaging recycling management system be established. These strategies are essential for achieving more eco-friendly management of EDPW, reducing its environmental pollution, and moving towards more sustainable express delivery management practices.
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  • Article
    Athukoralalage D, Brookes J, McDowell RW, Mosley LM.
    Water Res. 2024 Mar 15;252:121201.
    The severity and frequency of droughts are projected to increase globally due to climate change, but the effects of this on water quality are uncertain. The Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) is the largest river system in Australia and has been impacted by droughts of varying severity within recent decades. In this study, we assessed the influence of hydrological droughts and their characteristics (severity and duration) on water quality, utilising a long-term (1980-2017) dataset from two monitoring sites. The main drought periods, and their duration and severity, were identified using the calculated Standardised Drought Index values (SDI) from averaged monthly streamflow data. While several hydrological drought periods were identified, the longest duration and greatest severity were during the Millennium Drought (1998-2010). Nutrient loads and concentrations of Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus of drought and post-drought periods were significantly different. The drought period showed the lowest median and interquartile range of nutrient (total nitrogen, TN; oxidised nitrogen, NOX; total phosphorus, TP; and soluble reactive phosphorus, SRP) concentrations and loads for both sites, whereas the highest nutrient loads and concentrations were reported during the post-drought period (approx. 1 × 103 to 1 × 105 kg day-1 increase in nutrient loads). Our analysis found significant relationships between nutrient loads and SDI during droughts. The load of N and P in the initial flush post-drought increased with drought at both sites. This suggests that nutrients were retained in the landscape during the drought and released in higher loads post-drought when the catchment became wetter, the hydrology was activated, and nutrients were mobilised. Hydrology is a key driver controlling the water quality within the inter-drought period and the peak nutrient loads post-drought. The duration and the severity of droughts had a significant (p = 0.01) influence on peak TN and TP monthly loads but not cumulative loads over a 12-month period. Hydrological droughts are important factors in controlling the water quality of the MDB. Therefore, management efforts should be focused on reducing the occurrence and duration of these events, along with the implementation of catchment nutrient control measures.
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  • Article
    Andersson-Engels S, Andersen PE.
    J Biomed Opt. 2023 12;28(12):121201.
    The editorial introduces the JBO Special Section on Selected Topics in Biophotonics: Translating Novel Photonics Technology into Clinical Applications.
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  • Article
    Dedroog S, Boel E, Kindts C, Appeltans B, Van den Mooter G.
    Int J Pharm. 2021 Nov 20;609:121201.
    In spite of the fact that spray drying is widely applied for the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), the influence of the solvent on the physical properties of the ASDs is still not completely understood. Therefore, the impact of organic solvents on the kinetic stabilization of drug components in a polymer matrix prepared by either film casting or spray drying was investigated. One polymer, PVPVA 64, together with one of four poorly water soluble drugs, naproxen, indomethacin, fenofibrate or diazepam, were film casted and spray dried using either methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, acetone, dichloromethane or ethyl acetate. For every combination, the highest drug loading that could be formulated as a single amorphous phase was established. The solvent determined the maximum amount of drug that could be kinetically trapped in the polymer matrix and thereby the extent of kinetic stabilization. These maximum drug loadings were compared to the thermodynamic solubilities of the drugs in the seven solvents. Generally, there was no relation between the thermodynamic solubility of a drug and its highest drug loading attained using the same solvent. Hence, the contribution of the solvent to the generation of a supersaturated state should not be underestimated.
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  • Article
    Torrent L, Iglesias M, Marguí E, Hidalgo M, Verdaguer D, Llorens L, Kodre A, Kavčič A, Vogel-Mikuš K.
    J Hazard Mater. 2020 Feb 15;384:121201.
    The broad use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in daily life products enhances their possibilities to reach the environment. Therefore, it is important to understand the uptake, translocation and biotransformation in plants and the toxicological impacts derived from these biological processes. In this work, Lactuca sativa (lettuce) was exposed during 9 days to different coated (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol) and sized (60, 75, 100 nm) AgNPs at different concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 mg L-1). Total silver measurements in lettuce roots indicated that accumulation of AgNPs is influenced by size and concentration, but not by nanoparticle coating. On the other hand, nanosilver translocation to shoots was more pronounced for neutral charged and large sized NPs at higher NP concentrations. Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis, after an enzymatic digestion of lettuce tissues indicated the dissolution of some NPs. Ag K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis corroborated the AgNPs dissolution due to the presence of less Ag-Ag bonds and appearance of Ag-O and/or Ag-S bonds in lettuce roots. Toxicological effects on lettuces were observed after exposure to nanosilver, especially for transpiration and stomatal conductance. These findings indicated that AgNPs can enter to edible plants, exerting toxicological effects on them.
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  • Article
    Iwata K, Maeda K.
    Phys Rev Lett. 2024 Sep 20;133(12):121201.
    The cellular structure is considered to be a key as a criterion in initiation, propagation, and quenching of terrestrial detonation. While a few studies on type Ia supernovae, which are known to involve detonation, have addressed the importance of the cellular structure, further detailed treatment will benefit enhanced understanding of the explosion outcomes. In the present study, we bridge this gap in the astrophysics and engineering fields, focusing on the detonation in a helium-rich white dwarf envelope as the triggering process for the so-called double-detonation model. The cellular structures are quantified via high-resolution two-dimensional simulations. We demonstrate that widely accepted terrestrial-experimental criteria for quenching and initiation of detonation can indeed explain the results of previous hydrodynamic simulations very well. The present study highlights the potential of continuing to apply the insight from terrestrial detonation experiments to astrophysical problems, specifically the long unresolved problem of the explosion mechanism of type Ia supernovae.
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  • Article
    Sahu PS, Verma RP, Dabhade AH, Tewari C, Sahoo NG, Saha B.
    Environ Pollut. 2023 Jul 01;328:121201.
    Multicomponent wastewater treatment utilising simple and cost-effective materials and methods is an important research topic. This study has reported the fabrication and utilisation of graphene oxide (GO) embedded granular Polyurethane (PU) (GOPU) adsorbent for the treatment of lead ion (Lead ion (Pb(II)), Methylene blue (MB), and E. coli. PU granules were wrapped with GO flakes to improve hydrophilicity, interaction with polluted water, cation-exchange reaction, and binding of pollutants on its surface. Synthesised GOPU granules were characterised by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis to ensure the successful synthesis of GO and fabrication of GOPU granules. Further, batch and continuous adsorption processes were studied in different operating conditions to evaluate the performance of GOPU granules in practical applications. The kinetic and isotherm analyses revealed that the adsorption of Lead (Pb(II)) ion and Methylene Blue (MB) dye followed the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, respectively, and they showed good agreement with the Pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption capacities of GOPU granules for the elimination of Pb(II) and MB dye were about 842 mg/g and 899 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, investigations into the fixed bed column revealed that the adsorption column performed best at a flow rate of 5 mL/min and a bed height of 6 cm. Pb(II) adsorption had a bed uptake capacity (qbed) of 88 mg/g and percentage removal efficiency (%R) of 76%. Similarly, MB adsorption had a bed uptake capacity of 202 mg/g and a percentage removal efficiency of 71%. A systematic invention on antibacterial activity toward E. coli showed that The GOPU granules have a removal efficiency of about 100% at an exposure of 24 h. These findings indicated the possible use of GOPU granules as promising adsorbents for various water pollutants.
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  • Article
    Kim D, Khin PP, Lim OK, Jun HS.
    Life Sci. 2022 Dec 15;311(Pt B):121201.
    AIMS: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has recently been reported to contribute to its pathogenesis through keratinocyte proliferation. In this study, we investigated the metabolic changes in the LPA-induced keratinocyte hyperproliferation and underlying mechanisms.
    MAIN METHODS: HaCaT or HEKa cells were treated with LPA in the presence or absence of various chemical inhibitors. The glycolysis stress was measured using the Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer. Gene knockdown by siRNA transfection was used to investigate the role of LPAR1, PGAM1, and HIF-1α in LPA-induced metabolic changes. We confirmed the expression of PGAM1 and HIF-1α in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like BALB/c mice.
    KEY FINDINGS: LPA increased aerobic glycolysis; however, treatment with ki16425, or LPAR1 knockdown inhibited LPA-induced glycolysis in HaCaT cells. LPA increased the expression of glycolytic enzyme PGAM1 through LPAR1. PGAM1 knockdown in HaCaT cells suppressed LPA-induced cell proliferation, changes in cell cycle factor expression, and inhibited LPA-induced aerobic glycolysis. LPA sequentially activated AKT, mTOR, its downstream target, p70 S6K, and increased HIF-1α expression through LPAR1. HIF-1α knockdown inhibited LPA-induced PGAM1 expression and aerobic glycolysis. A6730 also decreased LPA-induced activation of mTOR and p70 S6K and LPA-induced increases in HIF-1α and PGAM1 expression. Ki16425 suppressed the increased expression of PGAM1 and HIF-1α in the lesions of IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mice. In primary keratinocytes, LPA/LPAR1 signaling also induced AKT-mediated aerobic glycolysis.
    SIGNIFICANCE: Collectively, the results demonstrated that LPA induces aerobic glycolysis via AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α-dependent PGAM1 expression during keratinocytes proliferation and this might be one of the mechanisms of psoriasis development.
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  • Article
    Saarenheimo J, Rissanen AJ, Arvola L, Nykänen H, Lehmann MF, Tiirola M.
    PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0121201.
    We studied potential links between environmental factors, nitrous oxide (N2O) accumulation, and genetic indicators of nitrite and N2O reducing bacteria in 12 boreal lakes. Denitrifying bacteria were investigated by quantifying genes encoding nitrite and N2O reductases (nirS/nirK and nosZ, respectively, including the two phylogenetically distinct clades nosZI and nosZII) in lake sediments. Summertime N2O accumulation and hypolimnetic nitrate concentrations were positively correlated both at the inter-lake scale and within a depth transect of an individual lake (Lake Vanajavesi). The variability in the individual nirS, nirK, nosZI, and nosZII gene abundances was high (up to tenfold) among the lakes, which allowed us to study the expected links between the ecosystem's nir-vs-nos gene inventories and N2O accumulation. Inter-lake variation in N2O accumulation was indeed connected to the relative abundance of nitrite versus N2O reductase genes, i.e. the (nirS+nirK)/nosZI gene ratio. In addition, the ratios of (nirS+nirK)/nosZI at the inter-lake scale and (nirS+nirK)/nosZI+II within Lake Vanajavesi correlated positively with nitrate availability. The results suggest that ambient nitrate concentration can be an important modulator of the N2O accumulation in lake ecosystems, either directly by increasing the overall rate of denitrification or indirectly by controlling the balance of nitrite versus N2O reductase carrying organisms.
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  • Article
    Rycyk A, Bolaji DA, Factheu C, Kamla Takoukam A.
    JASA Express Lett. 2022 12;2(12):121201.
    African manatees (Trichechus senegalensis) are vulnerable, understudied, and difficult to detect. Areas where African manatees are found were acoustically sampled and deep learning techniques were used to develop the first African manatee vocalization detector. A transfer learning approach was used to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) using a pretrained CNN (GoogLeNet). The network was highly successful, even when applied to recordings collected from a different location. Vocal detections were more common at night and tended to occur within less than 2 min of one another.
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  • Book
    edited by Madeleine Mant, Chris Mounsey.
    Summary: "The History and Bioethics of Medical Education: "You've Got to Be Carefully Taught" continues the Routledge Advances in the History of Bioethics series by exploring approaches to the teaching of bioethics from disparate disciplines, geographies, and contexts. Van Rensselaer Potter coined the phrase "Global Bioethics" to define human relationships with their contexts. This and subsequent volumes return to Potter's founding vision from historical perspectives and asks, how did we get here from then? The patient-practitioner relationship has come to the fore in bioethics; this volume asks: is there an ideal bioethical curriculum? Are the students being carefully taught and, in turn, are they carefully learning? This volume will appeal to those working in both clinical medicine and the medical humanities, as vibrant connections are drawn between various ways of knowing"-- Provided by publisher.
    Digital Access TandFonline 2021