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- ArticleBashti M, Kumar V, Cote I, Peterson EC, Basil GW.Cureus. 2023 Jan;15(1):e33668.Epidural abscesses can be caused by a number of different organisms, including atypical Mycobacterium. This is a rare case report of an atypical Mycobacterium epidural abscess requiring surgical decompression. Here, we present Mycobacterium abscessus causing a nonpurulent epidural collection surgically treated with laminectomy and washout and discuss clinical clues and radiologic characteristics associated with this condition. A 51-year-old male with a past medical history of chronic intravenous (IV) drug use presented with a three-day history of falls and three-month history of progressively worsening bilateral lower extremity radiculopathy, paresthesias, and numbness. MRI demonstrated an enhancing collection at L2-3 ventral and to the left of the spinal canal causing severe compression of the thecal sac, along with heterogenous contrast enhancement of the L2-3 vertebral bodies and intervertebral disc. The patient was taken for an L2-3 laminectomy and left medial facetectomy, where a fibrous, nonpurulent mass was discovered. Cultures ultimately demonstrated Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies massiliense, and the patient was discharged on IV levofloxacin, azithromycin, and linezolid with complete symptomatic relief. Unfortunately, despite surgical washout and antibiotic coverage, the patient presented twice more, the first time with a recurrent epidural collection requiring repeat drainage and the second time with a recurrent epidural collection with discitis and osteomyelitis with pars fractures requiring repeat epidural drainage and interbody fusion. It is important to recognize that atypical Mycobacterium abscessus can cause a nonpurulent epidural collection, especially in high-risk patients such as those with a history of chronic IV drug use. Additionally, our initial intraoperative findings of a fibrous, adherent mass suggest that in cases where this entity is suspected, surgical decompression should be carefully considered. To this end, the radiologic findings associated with this condition, namely, an enhancing ventral epidural mass involving the disc space, should also be recognized. The notable postoperative course consisting of recurrent collections and osteomyelitis with a pars fracture suggests that early fusion should be considered as an option in these patients. This case report presents clinical and radiologic findings associated with an atypical Mycobacterium discitis and osteomyelitis. The clinical course described herein suggests that early fusion in these patients may provide superior results to decompression alone.
- ArticleLee R, Jo DH, Chung SJ, Na HK, Kim JH, Lee TG.Sci Rep. 2016 09 19;6:33668.Nanoparticles have shown great potential as vehicles for the delivery of drugs, nucleic acids, and therapeutic proteins; an efficient, high-throughput screening method to analyze nanoparticle interaction with the cytomembrane would substantially improve the efficiency and accuracy of the delivery. Here, we developed a capacitance sensor array that monitored the capacitance values of nanoparticle-treated cells in a real-time manner, without the need for labeling. Upon cellular uptake of the nanoparticles, a capacitance peak was observed at a low frequency (e.g., 100 Hz) as a function of time based on zeta potential changes. In the high frequency region (e.g., 15-20 kHz), the rate of decreasing capacitance slowed as a function of time compared to the cell growth control group, due to increased cytoplasm resistance and decreased membrane capacitance and resistance. The information provided by our capacitance sensor array will be a powerful tool for scientists designing nanoparticles for specific purposes.
- ArticleChen S, Chen F, Cheng F, Xu X.Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Apr 25;102(17):e33668.RATIONALE: The incidence of glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) in the overall population is 1/100,000.[1] Hyperlipidemia in patients with GSD I can induce pancreatitis. Three cases of GSD I complicated with pancreatitis have been reported.[2] Here, the computed tomography (CT) features of GSD I complicated with pancreatitis are reported for the first time.
PATIENT CONCERNS: A 22-year-old female presents with growth retardation for 20 years and recurrent epigastric pain for 3 years. No abnormality in physical examination. Laboratory examination: GPT 81 U/L, GOT 111 U/L, DBIL 1.7 umol/L, TBIL 0.7 umol/L, Albumen 41.4 g/L, blood ammonia 54 umol/L, fasting blood glucose 3.02 mmol/L, G6PD 1829 U/L, lactic acid 7.9 mmol/L, triglyceride 18.79 mmol/L, TCH 9.46 mmol/L, uric acid 510 umol/L, urinary protein +++ (3.0) g/L.
DIAGNOSIS: The CT findings of the upper abdomen show that the liver is obviously enlarged, and the density of the liver is obviously uneven on plain scan. Unclear boundaries and increased blood vessels of the pancreas are found, especially in the head of the pancreas. The patient is diagnosed with GSD I complicated with pancreatitis.
INTERVENTIONS: The patient undergoes split liver transplantation and splenectomy under general anesthesia in our hospital.
OUTCOMES: Upper abdominal CT is reexamined half a month and 2 and a half months after the operation. It is found that the transplanted liver is not enlarged and the density is not abnormal. The pancreas shrinks, its boundary is clear, and its blood vessels decrease, especially in the head of the pancreas.
LESSONS: The density of the liver depends on the relative amount of glycogen and fat, which can be increased, normal, or decreased. Hyperlipidemia in patients with GSD I can induce pancreatitis. - ArticleBuzoianu SG, Walsh MC, Rea MC, O'Sullivan O, Crispie F, Cotter PD, Ross RP, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG.PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e33668.OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of feeding Bt MON810 maize to pigs for 110 days on the intestinal microbiota.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Forty male pigs (∼40 days old) were blocked by weight and litter ancestry and assigned to one of four treatments; 1) Isogenic maize-based diet for 110 days (Isogenic); 2) Bt maize-based diet (MON810) for 110 days (Bt); 3) Isogenic maize-based diet for 30 days followed by a Bt maize-based diet for 80 days (Isogenic/Bt); 4) Bt maize-based diet for 30 days followed by an isogenic maize-based diet for 80 days (Bt/Isogenic). Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillus and total anaerobes were enumerated in the feces using culture-based methods on days 0, 30, 60 and 100 of the study and in ileal and cecal digesta on day 110. No differences were found between treatments for any of these counts at any time point. The relative abundance of cecal bacteria was also determined using high-throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. No differences were observed in any bacterial taxa between treatments, with the exception of the genus Holdemania which was more abundant in the cecum of pigs fed the isogenic/Bt treatment compared to pigs fed the Bt treatment (0.012 vs 0.003%; P≤0.05).
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Feeding pigs a Bt maize-based diet for 110 days did not affect counts of any of the culturable bacteria enumerated in the feces, ileum or cecum. Neither did it influence the composition of the cecal microbiota, with the exception of a minor increase in the genus Holdemania. As the role of Holdemania in the intestine is still under investigation and no health abnormalities were observed, this change is not likely to be of clinical significance. These results indicate that feeding Bt maize to pigs in the context of its influence on the porcine intestinal microbiota is safe. - ArticleMeer BB, Sharma D, Tak S, Bisen GG, Shirsat MD, Girija KG, Ghosh SS.RSC Adv. 2023 Nov 16;13(48):33668-33674.In order to improve the performance of OLEDs, a host-guest mixture was used as an emissive layer. To have better host properties, a mixture of different materials with suitable properties can also be used as a host. In this study, we used a mixture of a polymer and a small molecule as the host and studied the effect of thermal annealing on the emissive layer properties by using Ir(ppy)3 as the emitter. UV-visible absorption, steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and optical microscopic studies were performed to study the film properties. Devices were fabricated and their current-voltage and luminance-voltage characteristics were studied. Charge-carrier mobility in the devices was studied by dark CELIV and transient electroluminescence methods. We show that, below the glass transition temperature of the polymer, the small molecules formed aggregates due to thermal annealing, which was beneficial for the device performance in the lower-temperature range, mainly due to the improved electron mobility. However, this aggregate formation was detrimental in the higher-temperature range, as it led to inefficient energy transfer due to the increased pure phase formation. At temperatures above the glass transition temperature of the polymer, the small molecules were seen to be distributed more uniformly into the polymer matrix. However, as a result of the degradation of the polymer property due to degradation of the primary chain of the phenyl ring of the polymer, this uniform distribution was not of any use and the device performance deteriorated.
- ArticlePeng H, Zou C, Wang C, Tang W, Zhou J.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Sep;27(27):33668-33680.The 3-chloro-2 hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride was successfully introduced into the β-cyclodextrin-modified chitosan to create the multicomponent adsorbent O-HTACC-g-CD. The structure of sorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption capacity of O-HTACC-g-CD toward phenol was investigated as a function of pH, temperature, contact time as well as adsorbent dosage. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was employed to optimize the effects of experimental parameters including adsorbent dose, pH, and time on the adsorption of phenol at 298.15 K. The obtained optimal values for adsorbent dose, pH, and time were 0.06 g, 6, and 200 min, respectively. The obtained experimental data follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir model. The thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change, enthalpy change, and entropy change were calculated, revealing that adsorption of phenol on O-HTACC-g-CD is a spontaneous and exothermic process. The prepared O-HTACC-g-CD displayed high adsorption capacity (39.98 mg g-1) and excellent removal rate (96%) for phenol from the aqueous solution at 288.15 K. The gained removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) were in the range of 60.6-61.2%. Considerable results of sorption could be attributed to the multicomponent structure of the adsorbent with more active sites including the cavities, amino, and carboxyl functional groups which provided better sites for the phenolic pollutant to adsorb on the adsorbent via Van der Waals force, hydrogen bond, and the inclusion effect. Therefore, the results obtained strongly suggest that O-HTACC-g-CD could be an effective adsorbent for the removal of phenol and CODcr from drilling wastewater.
- ArticleSeo D, Lim SY, Lee J, Yun J, Chung TD.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018 Oct 03;10(39):33662-33668.Light addressable/activated electrochemistry (LAE) has recently attracted attention as it can provide spatially resolved electrochemical information without using pre-patterned electrodes whose sizes and positions are unchangeable. Here, we propose hematite (α-Fe2O3) as the photoanode for LAE, which does not require any sort of surface modification for protection or facilitating charge transfer. As experimentally confirmed with various redox species, hematite is stable enough to be used for repetitive electroanalytical measurements. More importantly, it offers exceptionally high spatial resolution so that the "virtual electrode" is exactly as large as the light spot owing to the short diffusion length of the minority carriers. Quantitative analysis of dopamine in this study shows that the hematite-based photoanode is a promising platform for many potential LAE applications including spatially selective detection of oxidizable biomolecules.
- BookDr. Fei-Fei Li.Summary: "The moving memoir of a girl coming of age as an immigrant in America who finds her calling as a scientist at the forefront of the AI/Machine Learning revolution. Fei-Fei Li is known to the world as the creator of ImageNet, a key catalyst of modern artificial intelligence (AI). But her career in science was improbable from the start. Moving from China's middle class to American poverty, her family navigated the hardships of immigrant life while struggling to care for an ailing mother at every step. However, Fei-Fei's adolescent knack for physics endured, sparking a journey that would lead her to computer science, experimental cognitive science, and, ultimately, the still-obscure world of AI. It positioned her to make a defining contribution to the breakthrough we now call the AI revolution and brought her face-to-face with the extraordinary possibilities-and the extraordinary dangers-of the technology she loves. Emotionally raw and intellectually uncompromising, The Worlds I See is a story of science in the first person, documenting one of the century's defining moments from the inside"-- Provided by publisher.
Contents:
Pins and needles in D.C.
Something to chase
A narrowing gulf
Discovering the mind
First light
The north star
A hypothesis
Experimentation
What lies beyond everything?
Deceptively simple
No one's to control
The next north star. - ArticleShibayama N, Sugiyama K, Park SY.J Biol Chem. 2011 Sep 23;286(38):33661-8.Recent crystallographic studies suggested that fully liganded human hemoglobin can adopt multiple quaternary conformations that include the two previously solved relaxed conformations, R and R2, whereas fully unliganded deoxyhemoglobin may adopt only one T (tense) quaternary conformation. An important unanswered question is whether R, R2, and other relaxed quaternary conformations represent different physiological states with different oxygen affinities. Here, we answer this question by showing the oxygen equilibrium curves of single crystals of human hemoglobin in the R and R2 state. In this study, we have used a naturally occurring mutant hemoglobin C (β6 Glu→Lys) to stabilize the R and R2 crystals. Additionally, we have refined the x-ray crystal structure of carbonmonoxyhemoglobin C, in the R and R2 state, to 1.4 and 1.8 Å resolution, respectively, to compare precisely the structures of both types of relaxed states. Despite the large quaternary structural difference between the R and R2 state, both crystals exhibit similar noncooperative oxygen equilibrium curves with a very high affinity for oxygen, comparable with the fourth oxygen equilibrium constant (K(4)) of human hemoglobin in solution. One small difference is that the R2 crystals have an oxygen affinity that is 2-3 times higher than that of the R crystals. These results demonstrate that the functional difference between the two typical relaxed quaternary conformations is small and physiologically less important, indicating that these relaxed conformations simply reflect a structural polymorphism of a high affinity relaxed state.
- ArticleSilipo A, Molinaro A, Sturiale L, Dow JM, Erbs G, Lanzetta R, Newman MA, Parrilli M.J Biol Chem. 2005 Sep 30;280(39):33660-8.Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) are major components of the cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria with diverse roles in bacterial pathogenesis of animals and plants that include elicitation of host defenses. Little is known about the mechanisms of perception of these molecules by plants and about the associated signal transduction pathways that trigger plant immunity. Here we address the issue of the molecular basis of elicitation of plant defenses through the structural determination of the LOS of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain 8004 and examination of the effects of LOS and fragments obtained by chemical treatments on the immune response in Arabidopsis thaliana. The structure shows a strong accumulation of negatively charged groups in the lipid A-inner core region and has a number of novel features, including a galacturonyl phosphate attached at a 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid residue and a unique phosphoramide group in the inner core region. Intact LOS and the lipid A and core oligosaccharides derived from it were all able to induce the defense-related genes PR1 and PR2 in Arabidopsis and to prevent the hypersensitive response caused by avirulent bacteria. Although LOS induced defense-related gene transcription in two temporal phases, the core oligosaccharide induced only the earlier phase, and lipid A induced only the later phase. These findings suggest that plant cells can recognize lipid A and core oligosaccharide structures within LOS to trigger defensive cellular responses and that this may occur via two distinct recognition events.
- ArticleSivasothy P, Dafforn TR, Gettins PG, Lomas DA.J Biol Chem. 2000 Oct 27;275(43):33663-8.alpha(1)-Antitrypsin is the most abundant circulating protease inhibitor and the archetype of the serine protease inhibitor or serpin superfamily. Members of this family may be inactivated by point mutations that favor transition to a polymeric conformation. This polymeric conformation underlies diseases as diverse as alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency-related cirrhosis, thrombosis, angio-edema, and dementia. The precise structural linkage within a polymer has been the subject of much debate with evidence for reactive loop insertion into beta-sheet A or C or as strand 7A. We have used site directed cysteine mutants and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to measure a number of distances between monomeric units in polymeric alpha(1)-antitrypsin. We have then used a combinatorial approach to compare distances determined from FRET with distances obtained from 2.9 x 10(6) different possible orientations of the alpha(1)-antitrypsin polymer. The closest matches between experimental FRET measurements and theoretical structures show conclusively that polymers of alpha(1)-antitrypsin form by insertion of the reactive loop into beta-sheet A.
- ArticleYu C, Yan C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Jia Y, Lavelle D, An G, Zhang W, Zhang L, Han R, Larkin RM, Chen J, Michelmore RW, Kuang H.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Dec 29;117(52):33668-33678.Leafy head is a unique type of plant architecture found in some vegetable crops, with leaves bending inward to form a compact head. The genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying leafy head in vegetables remain poorly understood. We genetically fine-mapped and cloned a major quantitative trait locus controlling heading in lettuce. The candidate gene (LsKN1) is a homolog of knotted 1 (KN1) from Zea mays Complementation and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout experiments confirmed the role of LsKN1 in heading. In heading lettuce, there is a CACTA-like transposon inserted into the first exon of LsKN1 (LsKN1▽). The transposon sequences act as a promoter rather than an enhancer and drive high expression of LsKN1▽. The enhanced expression of LsKN1▽ is necessary but not sufficient for heading in lettuce. Data from ChIP-sequencing, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and dual luciferase assays indicate that the LsKN1▽ protein binds the promoter of LsAS1 and down-regulates its expression to alter leaf dorsoventrality. This study provides insight into plant leaf development and will be useful for studies on heading in other vegetable crops.