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  • Article
    Zhang L, Zhang Y, Miao M, Hu S, Wang X, Zhao L, Huang X, Cao G, Shou D.
    Bioengineered. 2022 06;13(6):14339-14356.
    Bacterium-induced inflammatory responses cause bone nonunion. Although antibiotics suppress infection, bone loss after antibacterial treatment remains a critical challenge. Erxian herbal pair (EHP) has been proven effective in promoting bone formation. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of EHP on bone repair after anti-infection treatment, explore its effect on a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoblast. We evaluated effects of EHP on bone repair with Micro-CT, and morphology detecting. Chemical constituents of EHP and EHP-containing serum (EHP-CS) were identified by UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS. In addition, osteoblast induced by LPS was established and administrated with EHP-CS. Cell proliferationwas assessed by MTT. Target prediction identified SMAD2 as a potential target of miRNA-34a-5p. MiRNA mimic, inhibitor and siRNA were transiently transfected into osteoblasts. The mRNA levels and protein expressions of miRNA-34a-5p, BMP2, Runx2, SMAD2 were assessed. The results showed that the main biocactivity ingredients in EHP-CS were Baohuoside Ι and Orcinol Glucoside. EHP could promote bone remolding after anti-infection therapy and restore the activity of LPS-induced osteoblasts. Moreover, miRNA-34a-5p was dramatically downregulated and SMAD2 was upregulated after LPS stimulation, while EHP resisted the inhibition of LPS by promoting miRNA-34a-5p, ALP, and BMP2 expressions. Whereas downregulation of miRNA-34a-5p reversed these effects. Silencing endogenous SMAD2 expression markedly promoted BMP2 and ALP activity and enhanced osteogenesis. Taken together, EHP restored LPS-induced bone loss by regulating miRNA-34a-5p levels and repressing its target gene SMAD2. EHP might be a potential adjuvant herbal remedy for the treatment of bone nonunion, and miRNA-34a-5p is a novel target for controlling bone and metabolic diseases.
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  • Article
    Turska E, Stępień-Lampa N, Grzywna P.
    PeerJ. 2022;10:e14356.
    Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic has significantly affected individuals and entire societies. It has caused a number of adverse consequences for public health. It has contributed to lower average life expectancy and significantly reduced the sense of health security. It has affected not only physical but also mental health. COVID-19 infections have become so common in many countries, including Poland, that almost every member of society has either experienced it themselves or has a family member or friend who have been affected by the disease. The investigations undertaken in the article concern the fear of COVID-19 infection among Polish university students, determined by the experience of the disease -whether direct or among loved ones.
    Methods: An online survey was conducted with 851 students. It took place between 1 and 15 March 2021, a year after detection of the first case of infection with the virus in Poland. The aim of the study was to find out about the relationship between the experience of COVID-19 disease (whether direct or among people close to the respondent) and fear of this disease among university students in Poland. The analysis used intergroup comparison tests (Mann-Whitney U Test and t-test).
    Results: The results indicate that the level of fear of COVID-19 among Polish university students was low (M = 1.98; SD = .49), with women (M = 2.04; SD = .75) presenting statistically higher (t (620.46) = 3.05; p = .002) fear than men (M = 1.87; SD = .74). The situation of the respondent having had a close person fall ill with COVID-19 or die as a result of coronavirus infection was found to be significant for the level of experienced fear of COVID-19 in the studied group (t (469.46) = -2.98; p = .003).
    Conclusions: The significantly higher level of fear in the group of young people who knew someone close with severe (fatal) COVID-19 disease indicates that psychological support may be more significant for such people than for individuals who have not experienced such a situation. A similar conclusion can be formulated taking into account the gender criterion, as the results make it possible to predict that women expect more support in a pandemic situation.
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  • Article
    Wojtas J.
    Sensors (Basel). 2015 Jun 17;15(6):14356-69.
    The paper presents one of the laser absorption spectroscopy techniques as an effective tool for sensitive analysis of trace gas species in human breath. Characterization of nitric oxide, carbonyl sulphide and ethane, and the selection of their absorption lines are described. Experiments with some biomarkers showed that detection of pathogenic changes at the molecular level is possible using this technique. Thanks to cavity enhanced spectroscopy application, detection limits at the ppb-level and short measurements time (<3 s) were achieved. Absorption lines of reference samples of the selected volatile biomarkers were probed using a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser and a tunable laser system consisting of an optical parametric oscillator and difference frequency generator. Setup using the first source provided a detection limit of 30 ppb for nitric oxide and 250 ppb for carbonyl sulphide. During experiments employing a second laser, detection limits of 0.9 ppb and 0.3 ppb were obtained for carbonyl sulphide and ethane, respectively. The conducted experiments show that this type of diagnosis would significantly increase chances for effective therapy of some diseases. Additionally, it offers non-invasive and real time measurements, high sensitivity and selectivity as well as minimizing discomfort for patients. For that reason, such sensors can be used in screening for early detection of serious diseases.
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  • Article
    Koch M, Eßinger TM, Bornitz M, Zahnert T.
    Sensors (Basel). 2014 Aug 07;14(8):14356-74.
    Implantable assembly components that are biocompatible and highly miniaturized are an important objective for hearing aid development. We introduce a mechanical transducer, which could be suitable as part of a prospective fully-implantable hearing aid. The transducer comprises a sensor and an actuator unit in one housing, located in the joint gap between the middle ear ossicles, the incus and stapes. The setup offers the advantage of a minimally invasive and reversible surgical solution. However, feedback between actuator and sensor due to mechanical coupling limits the available stable gain. We show that the system can be stabilized by digital control algorithms. The transducer is tested both in a finite elements method simulation of the middle ear and a physical model of a human middle ear. First, we characterize the sensor and actuator elements separately. Then, the maximum stable gain (MSG) of the whole transducer is experimentally determined in the middle ear model. With digital feedback control (using a least mean squares algorithm) in place, the total signal gain is greater than 30 dB for frequencies of 1 kHz and above. This shows the potential of the transducer as a high frequency hearing aid.
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  • Article
    Tsukasaki Y, Komatsuzaki A, Mori Y, Ma Q, Yoshioka Y, Jin T.
    Chem Commun (Camb). 2014 Nov 28;50(92):14356-9.
    For the non-invasive visualization of cell migration in deep tissues, we synthesized a short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) emitting multimodal probe that contains PbS/CdS quantum dots, rhodamine 6G and iron oxide nanoparticles. This probe enables multimodal (SWIR fluorescence/magnetic resonance) imaging of phagocyte cell migration in living mice.
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  • Article
    Ochfeld E, Khojah A, Marin W, Morgan G, Pachman LM.
    Sci Rep. 2024 06 21;14(1):14356.
    Humoral primary immunodeficiencies are the most prevalent form of primary immunodeficiency (PID). Currently, there is no convenient method to quantify newly formed B cells. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to quantitate the ratio of coding joints (CJs) to Kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs) and serum B cell activating factor (BAFF) in patients with humoral primary immunodeficiency and assess if they correlate with disease severity. This IRB-approved study was conducted at one academic children's hospital. Patients with humoral PIDs and healthy controls were included. CJ and KREC levels were measured via qPCR. Serum BAFF levels were measured using Mesoscale. 16 patients with humoral PID and 5 healthy controls were included. The mean CJ:KREC ratio in the CVID, antibody deficiency syndromes, and controls groups, respectively were 13.04 ± 9.5, 5.25 ± 4.1, and 4.38 ± 2.5 (p = 0.059). The mean serum BAFF levels in CVID, antibody deficiency syndromes and controls were 216.3 ± 290 pg/mL, 107.9 ± 94 pg/mL and 50.9 ± 12 pg/mL, respectively (p = 0.271). When the CVID patients were subdivided into CVID with or without lymphoproliferative features, the BAFF level was substantially higher in the CVID with lymphoproliferation cohort (mean 372.4 ± 361 pg/mL, p = 0.031). Elevated CJ:KREC ratio was observed in CVID, although statistical significance was not achieved, likely due to the small sample size. Serum BAFF levels were significantly higher in CVID patients with lymphoproliferative features. We speculate that the CJ:KREC ratio and serum BAFF levels can be utilized in patients with humoral PID, once more extensive studies confirm this exploratory investigation.
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  • Article
    Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 01;98(4):e14356.
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  • Article
    Schoffl J, Pozzato I, Rodrigues D, Arora M, Craig A.
    Psychophysiology. 2023 Nov;60(11):e14356.
    Pulse rate variability (PRV) is often used as an alternative to heart rate variability (HRV) to measure psychophysiological function. However, its validity to do so is unclear, especially in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). This study compared PRV and HRV in adults with higher-level SCI (SCI-H, n = 23), lower-level SCI (SCI-L, n = 22), and able-bodied participants (AB n = 44), in a seated position as a function of performance in a reactivity task (Oxford Sleep Resistance Test: OSLER). PRV and HRV was measured using reflective finger-based photoplethysmography (PPG) and electrocardiography, respectively, at baseline, immediately post-OSLER, and after five-minute recovery. Agreement between PRV and HRV was determined by Bland-Altman analysis and differences between PRV and HRV over time by linear mixed effects model (LMM) analysis. Concurrent validity was assessed through correlation analyses between PRV and HRV. Additional correlation analyses were performed with psychosocial factors. Results indicated insufficient to moderate agreement between PRV and HRV. LMM analyses indicated no differences over time for standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals and low-frequency power but significant differences for root mean square of successive differences and high frequency power. Nevertheless, PRV and HRV were highly correlated (Median r = .878 (.675-.990)) during all assessment periods suggesting sufficient concurrent validity. Similar correlation patterns were also found for PRV and HRV with psychosocial outcomes. While differences existed, results suggest PRV derived from reflective finger-based PPG is a valid proxy of HRV in tracking psychophysiological function in adults with SCI and could therefore be used as a more accessible monitoring tool.
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  • Article
    Anbarani MZ, Ramavandi B, Bonyadi Z.
    Heliyon. 2023 Mar;9(3):e14356.
    Tetracycline (TTC) is an antibiotic commonly prescribed to treat bacterial infections in animals and humans because of its low toxicity and antibacterial activity. This study focuses on the removal of TTC from an aqueous media using an activated carbon of Chlorella vulgaris modified with Fe3O4 magnetic composite (ACCV/Fe3O4 mc). The isothermal and kinetic models were studied to understand the adsorption mechanism. The Box-Behnken model was used for experimental design, and the main research parameters were ACCV/Fe3O4 mc mass (0.2-0.8 g/L), reaction time (10-60 min), TTC concentration (5-30 mg/L), and pH (3-11). The highest TTC removal rate of 90.47% was obtained at a pH of 7, a time of 60 min, an ACCV/Fe3O4 mc mass of 0.5 g/L, and an antibiotic concentration of 5 mg/L. TTC removal was fitted with the pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir model. The Langmuir adsorption capacity of TTC was computed to be 26.18 mg/g. The results show that the ACCV/Fe3O4 mc adsorbent significantly removes TTC from the aqueous solution.
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  • Article
    Arroyo-Orvañanos J, Hernández-Plata JA, Erro-Aboytia R, Nieto-Zermeño J, Reyes-López A, Varela-Fascinetto G.
    Pediatr Transplant. 2023 02;27(1):e14356.
    BACKGROUND: CMV remains a frequent complication after liver transplantation. Few studies exist in children reporting the epidemiology and outcomes of CMV after LT with current prevention strategies. Our goal is to report the incidence of CMV infection and disease in pediatric LT recipients under preemptive therapy, identify risk factors, complications, and adverse reactions to treatment.
    METHODS: All pediatric LT recipients from a single center (1998-2018) were included. Antigenemia pp65 (1998-2003) and QNAT or both were used to inform preemptive therapy. Cutoff value for starting treatment was Agpp65 > 10 + cells/200 000 or QNAT >1500 copies/ml or any value in high-risk recipients (D+/R-).
    RESULTS: One hundred eighteen LT were analyzed. CMV infection was detected in 67% of patients, only 44 (37%) required treatment, and 5 (4%) developed CMV disease. All patients responded well to treatment, and no graft or patients were lost to CMV effects. There were no differences in mortality, CMV indirect effects, or other complications between those who required treatment and those who did not. Thirty-two percent of the patients who received antivirals developed an adverse hematological reaction. Risk factors associated with CMV infection requiring treatment were D+/R- (OR 13.9, p = .01) and fulminant hepatitis (OR 4.8, p = .02).
    CONCLUSIONS: Preemptive therapy for CMV in children is safe and effective, yields low CMV infection rates that require treatment, and minimal rates of CMV disease, without increasing CMV-related complications. Using this strategy, 63% of our patients did not receive treatment. Therefore, drug exposure, adverse reactions, and resistance risk were minimized.
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  • Article
    Kuijk A, Koppert R, Versluis P, van Dalen G, Remijn C, Hazekamp J, Nijsse J, Velikov KP.
    Langmuir. 2013 Nov 26;29(47):14356-60.
    We prepared dispersions from bacterial cellulose microfibrils (CMF) of a commercial Nata de Coco source. We used an ultra-high-energy mechanical deagglomeration process that is able to disperse the CMFs from the pellicle in which they are organized in an irregular network. Because of the strong attractions between the CMFs, the dispersion remained highly heterogeneous, consisting of fiber bundles, flocs, and voids spanning tens to hundreds of micrometers depending on concentration. The size of these flocs increased with CMF concentration, the size of the bundles stayed constant, and the size of the voids decreased. The observed percolation threshold in MFC dispersions is lower than the theoretical prediction, which is accounted for by the attractive interactions in the system. Because bacterial cellulose is chemically very pure, it can be used to study the interaction of attractive and highly shape-anisotropic, semiflexible fiberlike colloidal particles.
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  • Article
    Choi JW, Choi GJ, Kim YS, Kyung MH, Kim HK.
    Sci Rep. 2022 08 23;12(1):14356.
    We investigated a state-of-the-art algorithm for 3D reconstruction with a pair-matching technique, which enabled the fabrication of individualized implant restorations in the esthetic zone. This method compared 3D mirror images of crowns and emergence profiles between symmetric tooth pairs in the anterior maxilla using digital slicewise DICOM segmentation and the superimposition of STL data. With the outline extraction of each segment provided by 100 patients, the Hausdorff distance (HD) between two point sets was calculated to identify the similarity of the sets. By using HD thresholds as a pair matching criterion, the true positive rates of crowns were 100, 98, and 98%, while the false negative rates were 0, 2, and 2% for central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines, respectively, indicating high pair matching accuracy (> 99%) and sensitivity (> 98%). The true positive rates of emergence profiles were 99, 100, and 98%, while the false negative rates were 1, 0, and 2% for central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines, respectively, indicating high pair matching accuracy (> 99%) and sensitivity (> 98%). Therefore, digitally flipped contours of crown and emergence profiles can be successfully transferred for implant reconstruction in the maxillary anterior region to optimize esthetics and function.
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  • Article
    Huang Y, Feng J, Xu J, Dong L, Su W, Li B, Witwer KW, Zheng L.
    Aging Cell. 2024 Oct 07:e14356.
    Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized particles that are released by various cell types and play vital roles in intercellular communication. They carry biological molecules reflecting the physiological and pathological states of their source cells and tissues, showing potential as biomarkers. However, the impact of demographic factors like age and sex on the properties of blood plasma EVs remains underexplored. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating how these factors influence the particle count and proteomic profiles of plasma EV preparations and corresponding protein fractions. Plasma samples from 120 healthy volunteers were collected and pooled into six groups: young males (age: 27.6 ± 4.0), young females (27.4 ± 3.8), middle-aged males (48.8 ± 3.8), middle-aged females (48.9 ± 3.9), old males (69.3 ± 3.9), and old females (69.4 ± 4.3). EV- and protein-enriched fractions were separated by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Fractions were characterized for particle number concentration and protein composition to identify characteristics affected by age and biological sex. Plasma EVs and corresponding protein fractions exhibited distinct characteristics, with differential enrichment of markers related to EVs and other blood components, including lipoproteins. Proteomic profiles of both EVs and protein fractions displayed sex- and age-dependent differences. Differentially abundant proteins displayed functions previously identified in the context of aging and sex differences, highlighting their utility as biomarkers. Age and sex significantly affect the characteristics of plasma EVs and proteins, potentially influencing their efficacy and interpretation as biomarkers in clinical applications. This study lays the groundwork for detailed mechanistic research to understand how EVs mediate age- and sex-related effects in health.
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  • Article
    Li Z, Ivanov AA, Su R, Gonzalez-Pecchi V, Qi Q, Liu S, Webber P, McMillan E, Rusnak L, Pham C, Chen X, Mo X, Revennaugh B, Zhou W, Marcus A, Harati S, Chen X, Johns MA, White MA, Moreno C, Cooper LA, Du Y, Khuri FR, Fu H.
    Nat Commun. 2017 02 16;8:14356.
    As genomics advances reveal the cancer gene landscape, a daunting task is to understand how these genes contribute to dysregulated oncogenic pathways. Integration of cancer genes into networks offers opportunities to reveal protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with functional and therapeutic significance. Here, we report the generation of a cancer-focused PPI network, termed OncoPPi, and identification of >260 cancer-associated PPIs not in other large-scale interactomes. PPI hubs reveal new regulatory mechanisms for cancer genes like MYC, STK11, RASSF1 and CDK4. As example, the NSD3 (WHSC1L1)-MYC interaction suggests a new mechanism for NSD3/BRD4 chromatin complex regulation of MYC-driven tumours. Association of undruggable tumour suppressors with drug targets informs therapeutic options. Based on OncoPPi-derived STK11-CDK4 connectivity, we observe enhanced sensitivity of STK11-silenced lung cancer cells to the FDA-approved CDK4 inhibitor palbociclib. OncoPPi is a focused PPI resource that links cancer genes into a signalling network for discovery of PPI targets and network-implicated tumour vulnerabilities for therapeutic interrogation.
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  • Article
    Ali DA, Tesema TS, Belachew YD.
    Sci Rep. 2021 07 13;11(1):14356.
    Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli are a number of pathogenic E. coli strains that cause diarrheal infection both in animal and human hosts due to their virulence factors. A cross sectional study was conducted between November, 2016 and April, 2017 to isolate and molecularly detect pathogenic E. coli from diarrheic calves to determine the pathogenic strains, antibiogram and associated risk factors in Jimma town. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect 112 fecal samples from diarrheic calves. Conventional culture and biochemical methods were conducted to isolate E. coli isolates. Molecular method was followed to identify virulence factors of pathogenic E. coli strains. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the isolates were tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A structured questionnaire was also used to collect information from dairy farms and socio-demographic data. The overall isolation rate of E. coli in calves was 51.8% (58/112) (95% CI 42.0-61.0). The occurrence of the bacterium differed significantly by age, colostrum feeding time, amount of milk given per time and navel treatment (P < 0.05). Multivariable analysis revealed that the odds of being infected was significantly highest in calves which fed 1-1.5 L amount of milk per a time (OR 5.38, 95% CI 1.66-17.45, P = 0.005). The overall virulence genes detection rate was 53.5% (95% CI 40.0-67.0). Eleven (19.6%) of eaeA, 6 (10.7%) of Stx1 and 13 (23.2%) of Stx2 genes were detected from calves isolates. Except ciprofloxacillin, all isolates were resistant to at least one drug. Multi drug resistance was recorded in 68.0% (38/56) of calves isolates. Neomycin, 83.3% (25/30), followed by amoxicillin, 53.3% (16/30) were the highest resisted virulence genes. The study demonstrated considerable isolation rate, multiple antimicrobial resistant isolates and high resistant virulent genes in diarrheic calves. It also indicated that the potential importance of calves as source of pathogenic E. coli strains and resistant genes for human diarrhea infection. Improving the hygienic practice of farms and wise use of antimicrobials could help to reduce the occurrence of pathogenic E. coli in farms. Hence, further studies are needed to describe all virulent factors and serotypes associated with the emergence of drug resistant pathogenic E. coli strains in calves.
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  • Article
    McGurk KA, Owen B, Watson WD, Nethononda RM, Cordell HJ, Farrall M, Rider OJ, Watkins H, Revell A, Keavney BD.
    Sci Rep. 2020 09 01;10(1):14356.
    Blood flow in the vasculature can be characterised by dimensionless numbers commonly used to define the level of instabilities in the flow, for example the Reynolds number, Re. Haemodynamics play a key role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. Genetic studies have identified mechanosensitive genes with causal roles in CVD. Given that CVD is highly heritable and abnormal blood flow may increase risk, we investigated the heritability of fluid metrics in the ascending aorta calculated using patient-specific data from cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. 341 participants from 108 British Caucasian families were phenotyped by CMR and genotyped for 557,124 SNPs. Flow metrics were derived from the CMR images to provide some local information about blood flow in the ascending aorta, based on maximum values at systole at a single location, denoted max, and a 'peak mean' value averaged over the area of the cross section, denoted pm. Heritability was estimated using pedigree-based (QTDT) and SNP-based (GCTA-GREML) methods. Estimates of Reynolds number based on spatially averaged local flow during systole showed substantial heritability ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), while the estimated heritability for Reynolds number calculated using the absolute local maximum velocity was not statistically significant (12-13%; [Formula: see text]). Heritability estimates of the geometric quantities alone; e.g. aortic diameter ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), were also substantially heritable, as described previously. These findings indicate the potential for the discovery of genetic factors influencing haemodynamic traits in large-scale genotyped and phenotyped cohorts where local spatial averaging is used, rather than instantaneous values. Future Mendelian randomisation studies of aortic haemodynamic estimates, which are swift to derive in a clinical setting, will allow for the investigation of causality of abnormal blood flow in CVD.
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  • Article
    Yuan C, Liu Z, Yu Q, Wang X, Bian M, Yu Z, Yu J.
    Sci Rep. 2019 10 07;9(1):14356.
    The aim of this study was to compare the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 in primary breast tumours to that in metastatic axillary lymph nodes and to determine the correlation between the PD-1/PD-L1 status and clinicopathologic characteristics. In total, 47 paired breast tumour and metastatic axillary lymph node samples were collected in this study. Immunohistochemical technology was used to determine the positivity or negativity of PD-1/PD-L1. Other patient information was retrieved from medical records. Significant differences in PD-L1 expression were observed between primary breast tumours and paired axillary lymph nodes. We also observed that the presence of PD-1/PD-L1 positivity in metastatic lymph nodes was significantly associated with poor prognostic features, such as a high Ki-67 index (p = 0.048), a high TNM stage (p = 0.012), a large number of metastatic lymph nodes (p = 0.002), and a high histology grade (p = 0.029). Since heterogeneity exists, it is necessary to determine the PD-L1 status in both the primary tumour and metastatic lymph nodes.
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  • Article
    Yu L, Wang SF, Zhai QZ, Yao YQ, Jiang F, Lu YX.
    Genet Mol Res. 2015 Nov 13;14(4):14356-65.
    Limited information on oocytes and fertilization prevents the efficient therapy of patients with infertility. The most important reason for this lack of understanding is a deficiency in research dedicated to oocytes and fertilization. Currently, we are concerned with the role of nutrition in the process of oocyte development to better understand the relationship between nutrition and infertility. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between some exceptional materials and infertility to elucidate the role of these materials in oocyte development. We used proteomic analysis to identify numerous nutrition-related proteins in three developmental stages: the germinal vesicle stage, the metaphase II-arrested stage, and the fertilized oocyte-zygote stage. Specific proteins were abundantly expressed during the three stages. These proteins included astacin-like metalloendopeptidase, selenium-binding proteins, and other proteins involved in metabolic and signaling pathways. Other proteins were involved in the citrate cycle, the electron transport chain, the urea cycle, fatty acid metabolism, and the insulin signaling pathway. Almost all these proteins exhibited different expression levels in the three stages. The results of the present study provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of early embryonic development and suggest new treatment methods for infertility.
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  • Article
    Zhang RJ, Stanley HE, Ye FY.
    Sci Rep. 2018 09 25;8(1):14356.
    Determining the core structure of complex network systems allows us to simplify them. Using h-bridge and h-strength measurements in a weighted network, we extract the h-backbone core structure. We find that focusing on the h-backbone in a network allows greater simplification because it has fewer edges and thus fewer adjacent nodes. We examine three practical applications: the co-citation network in an information system, the open flight network in a social system, and coauthorship in network science publications.
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  • Article
    Böttcher L, Andrade JS, Herrmann HJ.
    Sci Rep. 2017 10 30;7(1):14356.
    We propose a targeted intervention protocol where recovery is restricted to individuals that have the least number of infected neighbours. Our recovery strategy is highly efficient on any kind of network, since epidemic outbreaks are minimal when compared to the baseline scenario of spontaneous recovery. In the case of spatially embedded networks, we find that an epidemic stays strongly spatially confined with a characteristic length scale undergoing a random walk. We demonstrate numerically and analytically that this dynamics leads to an epidemic spot with a flat surface structure and a radius that grows linearly with the spreading rate.
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