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  • Article
    Cai H, Wen X, Wen L, Tirelli N, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Su H, Yang F, Chen G.
    Int J Nanomedicine. 2014;9:5591-601.
    In this paper, the potential of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) for carrying single or compound drugs traversing the round window membrane (RWM) was examined after the round window (RW) administration of different NPs to guinea pigs. First, coumarin-6 was incorporated into PLGA NPs as a fluorescent probe to investigate its ability to cross the RWM. Then, PLGA NPs with salvianolic acid B (Sal B), tanshinone IIA (TS IIA), and total panax notoginsenoside (PNS) including notoginsenoside R1 (R1), ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), and ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) were developed to evaluate whether NPs loaded with compound drugs would pass through the RWM and improve the local bioavailability of these agents. PLGA NPs loaded with single or compound drugs were prepared by the emulsification solvent evaporation method, and their particle size distribution, particle morphology, and encapsulation efficiency were characterized. In vitro release study showed sustained-release profiles of Sal B, TS IIA, and PNS from the NPs. The pharmacokinetic results showed that NPs applied to the RWM significantly improved drug distribution within the inner ear. The AUC0-t of coumarin-6 in the perilymph (PL) following RW administration of NPs was 4.7-fold higher than that of coumarin-6 solution, and the Cmax was 10.9-fold higher. Furthermore, the AUC(0-t) of R1, Rg1, and Rb1 were 4.0-, 3.1-, and 7.1-fold greater, respectively, after the application of NPs compared to the compound solution, and the Cmax were, respectively, 14.4-, 10.0-, and 16.7-fold higher. These findings suggest that PLGA NPs with unique properties at the nanoscale dimensions have a powerful ability to transport single or compound drugs into the PL through the RWM and remarkably enhance the local bioavailability of the encapsulated drugs in the inner ear. The use of PLGA NPs as nanoscale delivery vehicles to carry drugs across the RWM may be a promising strategy for the treatment of inner ear diseases.
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  • Article
    Rzemieniec J, Litwa E, Wnuk A, Lason W, Krzeptowski W, Kajta M.
    Mol Neurobiol. 2016 10;53(8):5591-606.
    The neuroprotective potential of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), which is a selective aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulator, has recently been shown in cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. However, there are no data concerning the protective capacity and mechanisms of DIM action in neuronal cells exposed to hypoxia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective potential of DIM against the hypoxia-induced damage in mouse hippocampal cells in primary cultures, with a particular focus on DIM interactions with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), its nuclear translocator ARNT, and estrogen receptor β (ERβ). In the present study, 18 h of hypoxia induced apoptotic processes, in terms of the mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase-3, and fragmentation of cell nuclei. These effects were accompanied by substantial lactate dehydrogenase release and neuronal cell death. The results of the present study demonstrated strong neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic actions of DIM in hippocampal cells exposed to hypoxia. In addition, DIM decreased the Ahr and Arnt mRNA expression and stimulated Erβ mRNA expression level. DIM-induced mRNA alterations were mirrored by changes in protein levels, except for ERβ, as detected by ELISA, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence labeling. We also demonstrated that DIM decreased the expression of AhR-regulated CYP1A1. Using specific siRNAs, we provided evidence that impairment of AhR and ARNT, but not ERβ plays a key role in the neuroprotective action of DIM against hypoxia-induced cell damage. This study may have implication for identifying new agents that could protect neurons against hypoxia by targeting AhR/ARNT signaling.
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  • Article
    Li XY, Zhao Y, Sun MG, Shi JF, Ju RJ, Zhang CX, Li XT, Zhao WY, Mu LM, Zeng F, Lou JN, Lu WL.
    Biomaterials. 2014 Jul;35(21):5591-604.
    Invasive brain glioma is the most lethal type of cancer and is highly infiltrating. This leads to an extremely poor prognosis and makes complete surgical removal of the tumor virtually impossible. Non-penetration of therapeutic drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), brain cancer stem cells (CSCs), and brain cancer vasculogenic mimicry (VM) results in relapse after surgical and radio therapy. We developed a functional targeting chemotherapy for transporting drugs across the BBB, destroying VM channels, and eliminating CSCs and cancer cells in the brain. The studies were undertaken on brain glioma cells in vitro and in brain glioma-bearing rats. Using paclitaxel as the anticancer drug and artemether as the regulator of apoptosis and inhibitor of VM channels, a kind of functional targeting paclitaxel plus artemether liposomes was developed by modifying two new functional materials: a mannose-vitamin E derivative conjugate (MAN-TPGS1000) and a dequalinium-lipid derivative conjugate (DQA-PEG2000-DSPE). The transport mechanism across the BBB was associated with receptor-mediated endocytosis by MAN-TPGS1000 conjugate via glucose transporters and adsorptive-mediated endocytosis by DQA-PEG2000-DSPE conjugate via electric charge-based interactions. The efficacy was related to the destruction of VM channels by regulating VM indicators, as well as the induction of apoptosis in brain cancer cells and CSCs by activating apoptotic enzymes and pro-apoptotic proteins and inhibiting anti-apoptotic proteins. These data suggest that the chemotherapy using functional targeting paclitaxel plus artemether liposomes could provide a new strategy for treating invasive brain glioma.
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  • Article
    Wang J, Huang Y, Guan Z, Zhang JL, Su HK, Zhang W, Yue CF, Yan M, Guan S, Liu QQ.
    Oncotarget. 2014 Jul 30;5(14):5591-601.
    Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the severe head and neck carcinomas, which is rare in west countries but has high incidence in Southern Asia especially South China. Although NPC is relatively sensitive to radiotherapy, the prognosis of patients is poor due to the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and develop early diagnostic techniques. S-phase kinase associated protein 2 (Skp2) is overexpressed in several human cancers and associates with poor prognosis. However, its function in NPC has not been fully addressed. In this study we found Skp2 was highly expressed in NPC specimen and correlated with poor prognosis. We generated Skp2 knockdown cells to further delineate its role in NPC development. Knockdown of Skp2 partially reduced cell proliferation, promoted cellular senescence, and decreased the population of stem cell like aldehyde dehydrogenase1 positive cells as well as their self-renewal ability. Our study not only interprets the predictive role of Skp2 in the poor prognosis of NPC patients, but also reveals that Skp2 regulates the NPC cancer stem cell maintenance, which shed lights on the target therapy and early diagnosis of NPC in clinical application.
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  • Article
    Li CR, Mao QX, Chen M, Jia WX, Yao X, Feng SY, Jia H, Gong JQ, Yang XY.
    Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:5591-4.
    BACKGROUND: TNF-α plays a key role in host defense against mycobacterial infection, and patients receiving TNF-α blocker treatment have increased susceptibility to tuberculosis disease. In the People's Republic of China, an intermediate tuberculosis-burden country, the latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) risk in patients with psoriasis who are treated with etanercept, the safest kind of TNF-α blocker, is unknown.
    OBJECTIVES: This study reports the LTBI risk in patients with psoriasis after etanercept treatment and aims to answer the question of how often rescreening for LTBI should be done in order to reduce active tuberculosis infection of patients and further reduce the incidence of active tuberculosis disease.
    PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective review evaluated patients with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis between 2009 and 2013. All patients were excluded tuberculosis infection and received etanercept 25 mg twice weekly, then the patients were checked for LTBI 3 months after etanercept treatment to observe the incidence of LTBI and assess the need for rescreening for LTBI every 3 months.
    RESULTS: We retrospectively analyzed 192 patients with psoriasis with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque whose tuberculin skin test and chest X-rays were negative and who received etanercept 25 mg twice weekly. Eighteen of them were excluded because they received less than 3 months of etanercept therapy. After treatment with etanercept, four patients were found to have LTBI.
    CONCLUSION: In this study, the incidence of LTBI after 3 months was four in 192 (2.1%), which is higher than the annual incidence of LTBI in the People's Republic of China (0.72%), so LTBI could be expected to occur within 3 months in psoriasis patients on etanercept. Periodic screening for LTBI in the therapy course, as well as before initiating treatment, is necessary in those patients who use a TNF-α blocker. We recommend rescreening for LTBI every 3 months.
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  • Article
    Lai YC, Tang PL, Chu CH, Kuo TJ.
    PeerJ. 2018;6:e5591.
    OBJECTIVES: The five-year survival rate of head and neck cancer (HNC) after radiotherapy (RT) varies widely from 35% to 89%. Many studies have addressed the effect of socioeconomic status and urban dwelling on the survival of HNC, but a limited number of studies have focused on the survival rate of HNC patients after RT.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the period of 2000-2013, 40,985 working age individuals (20 < age < 65 years) with HNC patients treated with RT were included in this study from a registry of patients with catastrophic illnesses maintained by the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD).
    RESULTS: The cumulative survival rate of HNC following RT in Taiwan was 53.2% (mean follow-up period, 3.75 ± 3.31 years). The combined effects of income and geographic effect on cumulative survival rates were as follows: high income group > medium income group > low income group and northern > central > southern > eastern Taiwan. Patients with moderate income levels had a 36.9% higher risk of mortality as compared with patients with high income levels (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.369; p < 0.001). Patients with low income levels had a 51.4% greater risk of mortality than patients with high income levels (HR = 1.514, p < 0.001).
    CONCLUSION: In Taiwan, income and residential area significantly affected the survival rate of HNC patients receiving RT. The highest income level group had the best survival rate, regardless of the geographic area. The difference in survival between the low and high income groups was still pronounced in more deprived areas.
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  • Article
    Mughaid A, Al-Zu'bi S, Al Arjan A, Al-Amrat R, Alajmi R, Zitar RA, Abualigah L.
    Soft comput. 2022;26(12):5577-5591.
    People worldwide suffer from fake news in many life aspects, healthcare, transportation, education, economics, and many others. Therefore, many researchers have considered seeking techniques for automatically detecting fake news in the last decade. The most popular news agencies use e-publishing on their websites; even websites can publish any news they want. However, thus before quotation any news from a website, there should be a close look at news resource ranking by using a trusted websites classifier, such as the website world rank, which reflects the repute of these websites. This paper uses the world rank of news websites as the main factor of news accuracy by using two widespread and trusted websites ranking. Moreover, a secondary factor is proposed to compute the news accuracy similarity by comparing the current news with fakes news and getting the possible news accuracy. Experiments results are conducted on several benchmark datasets. The results showed that the proposed method got promising results compared to other comparative methods in defining the news accuracy.
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  • Article
    Kreis NN, Sanhaji M, Krämer A, Sommer K, Rödel F, Strebhardt K, Yuan J.
    Oncogene. 2010 Oct 14;29(41):5591-603.
    Abrogation of functional p53 is responsible for malignant cell transformation and the maintenance of malignant state of human papillomavirus-infected cancer cells. Thus, restoration of p53 has been regarded as an important strategy for molecular intervention combating papillomavirus-associated malignancies. We show here that depleting cyclin B1 stabilizes and reactivates p53 in papillomavirus-infected cervical cancer cell lines HeLa and CaSki. HeLa cells depleted of cyclin B1 exhibit mitotic defects in spindle formation and chromosome alignment. Downregulation of cyclin B1 increases p14 alternative reading frame of p16, the positive regulator of p53, and decreases phosphorylation of Ser315 in p53. Whereas RO-3306, a selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1), suppresses this phosphorylation at Ser315 of p53, ZM447439, targeting Aurora A/B kinases, shows no effect. Further analyses in HeLa cells and HCT116 p53(-/-) cells suggest that the Ser315 phosphorylation by Cdk1 regulates negatively the protein stability and the function of p53. Moreover, increased p53 in HeLa cells is functional by showing its increased downstream effectors p21, mouse double minute 2 and Bax. Restoration of p53 and silencing cyclin B1 render cervical carcinoma cells more susceptible to DNA damage agent camptothecin. Taken together, targeting cyclin B1 might be an attractive strategy for preventing and treating papillomavirus-associated cancer by reactivating p53 and by reducing the Cdk1 activity.
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  • Article
    Andersson PA, Vartanova I, Västfjäll D, Tinghög G, Strimling P, Wu J, Hazin I, Akotia CS, ... Show More Aldashev A, Andrighetto G, Anum A, Arikan G, Bagherian F, Barrera D, Basnight-Brown D, Batkeyev B, Berezina E, Björnstjerna M, Boski P, Bovina I, Huyen BTT, Čekrlija Đ, Choi HS, Contreras-Ibáñez CC, Costa-Lopes R, de Barra M, de Zoysa P, Dorrough AR, Dvoryanchikov N, Engelmann JB, Euh H, Fang X, Fiedler S, Foster-Gimbel OA, Fülöp M, Gardarsdottir RB, Gill CMHD, Glöckner A, Graf S, Grigoryan A, Gritskov V, Growiec K, Halama P, Hartanto A, Hopthrow T, Hřebíčková M, Iliško D, Imada H, Kapoor H, Kawakami K, Khachatryan N, Kharchenko N, Kiyonari T, Kohút M, Leslie LM, Li Y, Li NP, Li Z, Liik K, Maitner AT, Manhique B, Manley H, Medhioub I, Mentser S, Nejat P, Nipassa O, Nussinson R, Onyedire NG, Onyishi IE, Panagiotopoulou P, Perez-Floriano LR, Persson M, Pirttilä-Backman AM, Pogosyan M, Raver J, Rodrigues RB, Romanò S, Romero PP, Sakki I, San Martin A, Sherbaji S, Shimizu H, Simpson B, Szabo E, Takemura K, Teixeira MLM, Thanomkul N, Tiliouine H, Travaglino GA, Tsirbas Y, Widodo S, Zein R, Zirganou-Kazolea L, Eriksson K.
    Sci Rep. 2024 03 07;14(1):5591.
    When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.
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  • Article
    Baba H, Kuwabara K, Ishiguro T, Hatano S, Matsuzawa T, Fukuchi M, Kumagai Y, Ishibashi K, Mochiki E, Ishida H.
    Anticancer Res. 2013 Dec;33(12):5591-5.
    BACKGROUND/AIM: We aimed to clarify the roles of CRP and albumin as independent prognostic factors for stage IV gastric cancer (stIVGC) patients. The optimal cut-off value for these two markers was investigated.
    PATIENTS AND METHODS: 123 stIVGC patients presented at our Medical Center from April, 2005 to March, 2011 were investigated. Clinicopathological, tumor-specific and treatment factors were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional regression models were used to identify for favorable factors affecting overall survival. The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized to determine cut-off values.
    RESULTS: Multivariate analysis revealed CRP (hazard ratio (HR): 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.18) to be an independent prognostic factor for survival. According to the results of the analysis albumin was excluded. ROC curve of the 3-month-prognosis patients revealed a maximum area under the curve of 0.85 and a cut-off value of 1.7 mg/dl.
    CONCLUSION: CRP can be considered an independent prognostic factor for survival of stIVGC patients and can be used for short-term survival prediction.
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  • Article
    Parajuli A, Gutnisky D, Tandon N, Dragoi V.
    Nat Commun. 2023 09 11;14(1):5591.
    The degree of synchronized fluctuations in neocortical network activity can vary widely during alertness. One influential idea that has emerged over the past few decades is that perceptual decisions are more accurate when the state of population activity is desynchronized. This suggests that optimal task performance may occur during a particular cortical state - the desynchronized state. Here we show that, contrary to this view, cortical state can both facilitate and suppress perceptual performance in a task-dependent manner. We performed electrical recordings from surface-implanted grid electrodes in the temporal lobe while human subjects completed two perceptual tasks. We found that when local population activity is in a synchronized state, network and perceptual performance are enhanced in a detection task and impaired in a discrimination task, but these modulatory effects are reversed when population activity is desynchronized. These findings indicate that the brain has adapted to take advantage of endogenous fluctuations in the state of neural populations in temporal cortex to selectively enhance different modes of sensory processing during perception in a state-dependent manner.
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  • Article
    Ghamry HI, Shukry M, Kassab MA, Farrag FA, El-Shafai NM, Elgendy E, Ibrahim AN, Elgendy SA, Behairy A, Ibrahim SF, Imbrea F, Florin C, Abdo M, Ahmed IA, Muhammad MH, Anwer H, Abdeen A.
    Int J Nanomedicine. 2023;18:5591-5606.
    Background: Loss of normal function is an inevitable effect of aging. Several factors contribute to the aging process, including cellular senescence and oxidative stress.
    Methods: We investigate how Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles (NSP) protect against aging injury induced by d-galactose (D-gal) in the rat. So, we subcutaneously (S/C) injected D-gal at 200 mg/kg BW to see if Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles (NSP) might protect against the oxidative changes generated by D-gal. NSP (0.5 mg/kg body weight once daily by gastric gavage) was given to all groups apart from the control and D-gal groups. The d-gal + NSP group was supplemented with 200 mg of D-gal per kg BW once a day and NSP 0.5 mg/kg BW given orally for 45 days. Biochemical, mRNA expression, and histological investigations of brain tissues were used to evaluate the oxidative alterations caused by d-gal and the protective role of NSP.
    Results: Our data demonstrated that d-gal was causing significant reductions in relative brain and body weight with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and redox oxygen species (ROS) levels and increases in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme BB (CPK-BB) with marked decreases in the level of antioxidant enzyme activity in the brain and acetylcholinesterase activity augmented with a phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX) level increased. The D-gal group had considerably higher phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38MAPK) and C-Jun N-terminal (JNK) kinases. The d-gal administration stimulates the apoptotic gene expression by downregulating the brain superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The NSP administration saved these parameters in the direction of the control. The brain histopathologic and immunohistochemistry analysis findings support our findings on NSP's protective role.
    Conclusion: The NSP may be a promising natural protective compound that can prevent aging and preserve health.
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  • Article
    Tang YL, Zhou Y, Wang YP, Wang JW, Ding JC.
    Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(5):5591-6.
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of SIRT6/NF-κB signaling axis in ginsenoside Rg1-delayed hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell senescence and to provide theoretical and experimental evidence for delaying HSC/HPC senescence pathway.
    METHODS: After the separation and purification by immunomagnetic sorting, Sca-1+HSC/HPC was divided into: normal control group; aging group; positive control group; Rg1 delaying group and Rg1 treatment group. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining, flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle and hematopoietic progenitor cells mixed colony (CFU-Mix) culture were performed to determine the delaying or curing roles of Rg1 in Sca-1+HSC/HPC senescence. Quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of senescence regulatory molecules, such as SIRT6 and NF-κB.
    RESULTS: Compared with the aging group, the positive rate of SA-β-gal staining cells and the proportion of cells in G1 phase decreased; the number of CFU-Mix increased; mRNA and protein expression of SIRT6 increased; mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB was down-regulated in Rg1 delaying and treatment groups; the changes of the indicators in Rg1 delaying group were more significant than those in Rg1 treatment group.
    CONCLUSION: Rg1 may fight against Sca-1+HSC/HPC senescence induced by t-BHP through regulating SIRT6-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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  • Article
    Zhang T, He Y, DePauw R, Jin Z, Garvin D, Yue X, Anderson W, Li T, Dong X, Zhang T, Yang X.
    Nat Commun. 2022 09 30;13(1):5591.
    Variety adaptation to future climate for wheat is important but lacks comprehensive understanding. Here, we evaluate genetic advancement under current and future climate using a dataset of wheat breeding nurseries in North America during 1960-2018. Results show that yields declined by 3.6% per 1 °C warming for advanced winter wheat breeding lines, compared with -5.5% for the check variety, indicating a superior climate-resilience. However, advanced spring wheat breeding lines showed a 7.5% yield reduction per 1 °C warming, which is more sensitive than a 7.1% reduction for the check variety, indicating climate resilience is not improved and may even decline for spring wheat. Under future climate of SSP scenarios, yields of winter and spring wheat exhibit declining trends even with advanced breeding lines, suggesting future climate warming could outpace the yield gains from current breeding progress. Our study highlights that the adaptation progress following the current wheat breeding strategies is challenging.
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  • Article
    Muñiz K, Iglesias A, Fang Y.
    Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Oct 07(37):5591-3.
    Platinum(II) salts in combination with copper salts and molecular oxygen catalyse an unprecedented intramolecular transfer of heteroatoms to alkenes to yield aminooxygenation products under sustainable conditions.
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  • Article
    Silva VCJD, Silva RNO, Colli LG, Carvalho MHC, Rodrigues SF.
    Heliyon. 2020 Nov;6(11):e05591.
    AIMS: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most devastating malignant primary brain tumor known. Life expectance is around 15 months after diagnosis. Several events contribute to the GBM progression such as uncontrolled genetic cancer cells proliferation, angiogenesis (mostly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated), tissue invasion, glioma stem cell activity, immune system failure, and a hypoxic and inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells antiproliferative effect of 20 nm citrate-covered gold nanoparticles (cit-AuNP) has been reported, along with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. We aimed to test whether either chronic treatment with 20 nm cit-AuNP or anti-VEGF antibody (Ig)-covered AuNP could reduce GBM progression in mice.
    MAIN METHODS: Effect of the gold nanoparticles on the GL261 glioblastoma cells proliferation in vitro, and on the GL261-induced glioblastoma cell growth in C57BL/6 mice in vivo were tested. Besides, fluorophore-conjugated gold nanoparticles penetration through the GL261 plasma cell membrane, gold labelling in brain parenchyma of glioblastoma-carrying mice, and VEGF expression into the tumor were evaluated.
    KEY FINDINGS: We observed cit-AuNP did no change the GL261 cells proliferation. Similarly, we demonstrated chronic treatment with either cit-AuNP or anti-VEGF Ig-covered AuNP did not modify the GL261 cells-induced GBM progression in mice. By the end, we showed AuNPs did not trespass in appreciable amount both the GL261 plasma cell membrane and the tumoral blood brain barrier (BBB), and did not change the VEGF expression into the tumor.
    SIGNIFICANCE: 20 nm cit-AuNP or anti-VEGF Ig covered-AuNP are not good tools to reduce GBM in mice, probably because they do not penetrate both tumor cells and BBB in enough amount to reduce tumor growing.
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  • Article
    Vikrant A, Balakrishnan J, Naniwadekar R, Datta A.
    Sci Rep. 2021 03 10;11(1):5591.
    Capturing movement of animals in mathematical models has long been a keenly pursued direction of research1. Any good model of animal movement is built upon information about the animal's environment and the available resources including whether prey is in abundance or scarce, densely distributed or sparse2. Such an approach could enable the identification of certain quantities or measures from the model that are species-specific characteristics. We propose here a mechanistic model to describe the movement of two species of Asian hornbills in a resource-abundant heterogenous landscape which includes degraded forests and human settlements. Hornbill telemetry data was used to this end. The birds show a bias both towards features of attraction such as nesting and roosting sites as well as possible bias away from points of repulsion such as human presence. These biases are accounted for with suitable potentials. The spatial patterns of movement are analyzed using the Fokker-Planck equation, which helps explain the variation in movement of different individuals. Search times to target locations were calculated using first passage time equations dual to the Fokker-Planck equations. We also find that the diffusion coefficients are larger for breeding birds than for non-breeding ones-a manifestation of repeated switching of directions to move back to the nest from foraging sites. The degree of directedness towards nests and roosts is captured by the drift coefficients. Non-breeding hornbills show similar values of the ratio of the two coefficients irrespective of the fact that their movement data is available from different seasons. Therefore, the ratio of drift to diffusion coefficients is indicative of an individual's breeding status, as seen from available data. It could possibly also characterize different species. For all individuals, first passage times increase with proximity to human settlements, in agreement with the premise that anthropogenic activities close to nesting/roosting sites are not desirable.
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  • Article
    Iyi N, Ebina Y, Sasaki T.
    Langmuir. 2008 May 20;24(10):5591-8.
    LDH hybrids were synthesized from Cl (-)MgAl-LDHs by anion exchange with short-chain alkyl carboxylate intercalants: C n H 2 n+1 COO (-) ( n = 0-3). Among them, LDH3 (LDH with Mg/Al = 3) hybrids containing acetate ( n = 1) and propionate ( n = 2) exhibited swelling behavior in water. The action of water on acetate-LDH3 (AcO-LDH3) and propionate-LDH3 (PrO-LDH3) led to semitransparent suspensions via a viscous gel state. From the X-ray diffraction profiles of the gels, only a broad feature was observed by the loss of the sharp reflections. The reflections reappeared for the films obtained by drying the gel, indicating the restacking of the LDH nanosheets into the original stacked structure. Observation using atomic force microscopy revealed delaminated nanosheets with a thickness of 1.1-1.5 nm with the same morphological features as the starting LDHs. XRD measurement and AFM observation supported the formation of unilamellar LDH sheets. Semitransparent self-standing LDH films were obtained by peeling off the films formed on a PE (polyethylene) substrate by drying the colloidal suspension thereon. The thickness of the obtained flexible films ranged from 10 to 25 microm, and they could be anion exchanged with inorganic and organic anions in the film state.
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  • Article
    Krahn T, Gilmour C, Tilak J, Fraud S, Kerr N, Lau CH, Poole K.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Nov;56(11):5591-602.
    Screening of a transposon insertion mutant library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for increased susceptibility to paromomycin identified a number of genes whose disruption enhanced susceptibility of this organism to multiple aminoglycosides, including tobramycin, amikacin, and gentamicin. These included genes associated with lipid biosynthesis or metabolism (lptA, faoA), phosphate uptake (pstB), and two-component regulators (amgRS, PA2797-PA2798) and a gene of unknown function (PA0392). Deletion mutants lacking these showed enhanced panaminoglycoside susceptibility that was reversed by the cloned genes, confirming their contribution to intrinsic panaminoglycoside resistance. None of these mutants showed increased aminoglycoside permeation of the cell envelope, indicating that increased susceptibility was not related to enhanced aminoglycoside uptake owing to a reduced envelope barrier function. Several mutants (pstB, faoA, PA0392, amgR) did, however, show increased cytoplasmic membrane depolarization relative to wild type following gentamicin exposure, consistent with the membranes of these mutants being more prone to perturbation, likely by gentamicin-generated mistranslated polypeptides. Mutants lacking any two of these resistance genes in various combinations invariably showed increased aminoglycoside susceptibility relative to single-deletion mutants, confirming their independent contribution to resistance and highlighting the complexity of the intrinsic aminoglycoside resistome in P. aeruginosa. Deletion of these genes also compromised the high-level panaminoglycoside resistance of clinical isolates, emphasizing their important contribution to acquired resistance.
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  • Article
    Tenenbaum D, Marrone JI, Grecco HE, Ventura AC.
    Sci Rep. 2020 03 27;10(1):5591.
    Biological systems are spatially organized. This microscopic heterogeneity has been shown to produce emergent complex behaviors such as bistability. Even though the connection between spatiality and dynamic response is essential to understand biological output, its robustness and extent has not been sufficiently explored. This work focuses on a previously described system which is composed of two monostable modules acting on different cellular compartments and sharing species through linear shuttling reactions. One of the two main purposes of this paper is to quantify the frequency of occurrence of bistability throughout the parameter space and to identify which parameters and in which value ranges control the emergence and the properties of bistability. We found that a very small fraction of the sampled parameter space produced a bistable response. Most importantly, shuttling parameters were among the most influential ones to control this property. The other goal of this paper is to simplify the same system as much as possible without losing compartment-induced bistability. This procedure provided a simplified model that still connects two monostable systems by a reduced set of linear shuttling reactions that circulates all the species around the two compartments. Bistable systems are one of the main building blocks of more complex behaviors such as oscillations, memory, and digitalization. Therefore, we expect that the proposed minimal system provides insight into how these behaviors can arise from compartmentalization.
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