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- Bookeditor-in-chief: Clete A. Kushida.Summary: Encyclopedia of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms, Second Edition, Six Volume Set is the most comprehensive work on sleep and circadian rhythms. This completely revised new edition, comprised of contributions from 450 renowned authorities in the field, covers what is new and known in the field. In addition to thorough coverage of the basics (physiology, sleep disorders etc.), this new edition includes a thorough examination of circadian rhythms that manage the sleep-wake cycle. Although this area is highly intertwined with sleep, it is a scientific discipline in and of itself, and will broaden the appeal of this work to health care providers and scientists. Other sections of interest explore consumer wearable devices to track sleep and circadian rhythms, artificial intelligence algorithms to detect sleep and abnormal sleep-related conditions, and new technology to treat sleep and circadian rhythm disorders. This book will be an ideal and primary reference resource for students, trainees, technologists, basic/clinical scientists, physicians, advanced practice providers, psychologists, nurses, and other medical and research personnel who want to explore any topic within the sleep and circadian rhythm field.
Contents:
9780323910941v1_WEB
Front Cover
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SLEEP AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SLEEP AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
Copyright
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
EDITORIAL BOARD
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1
PREFACE
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1
PERMISSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Perspectives
Reference
A history of the scientific study of sleep
The First Hundred Years
A Gathering of Eagles
The Emergence of Sleep Research
The REM Period
Sleep Deprivation
Biological Rhythms and Sleep Research
Theories of Sleep
Sleep Disorders Research
Further Reading History of sleep. REM sleep and the beginning of sleep medicine: a tribute to Dr. William C. Dement
Obstructive sleep apnea
Opening of the Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic
Professional organizations
Complications of OSA
Sleep medicine in 21st century
Conclusions
References
Normal human sleep
Synopsis
Introduction
Adult sleep architecture
NREM sleep
REM sleep
NREM-REM cycle
Newborn and infant sleep
Changes in sleep with aging
Sleep architecture changes
Sleep duration
Sleep neurophysiology
NREM sleep
REM sleep Reciprocal interaction model
Other models of REM regulation
Hypocretin mediated modulation of REM sleep
Autonomic nervous system
Model of sleep regulation
Key points
References
Further reading
Ontogeny of sleep
Introduction
We sleep most when we are young
Infant sleep and wake bouts are fragmented
Infant sleep and wake bouts exhibit distinct statistical properties
Developmental changes in sleep-wake organization reflect increases in neural connectivity
Developmental changes in active and quiet sleep
Why do developing animals sleep so much? What is the significance of twitching for the developing brain?
Active sleep and twitching promote functional connectivity in the developing brain
Conclusions
References
Evolution of sleep (sleep phylogeny)
Sleep in mammals
Sleep in birds
Sleep amounts in mammals and birds
The effects of sleep deprivation
Sleep-like states in other organisms: do all animals sleep like we do?
Is sleep vital for memory consolidation?
Why do animals sleep?
Acknowledgment
References
Further relevant literature
Sleep in amphibians and reptiles
Introduction Biology of amphibians and reptiles
Amphibians
Reptiles
Behavioral sleep
Physiological sleep
Amphibians
Reptiles
Crocodilians
Chelonians
Squamates
Unilateral sleep
General conclusions from the early studies
Recent discoveries
What are the differences and similarities between mammalian and reptilian sleep?
References
Sleep and the circadian clock in insects
Introduction
History of sleep studies in insects
The definition of sleep in insects
The endogenous circadian clock of insects
Measuring sleep and circadian rhythms in insectsDigital Access ScienceDirect 2023 - ArticleOrfali N, Zhang MJ, Allbee-Johnson M, Boelens JJ, Artz AS, Brunstein CG, McNiece IK, Milano F, ... Show More Abid MB, Chee L, Diaz MA, Grunwald MR, Hematti P, Hsu J, Lazarus HM, Munshi PN, Prestidge T, Ringden O, Rizzieri D, Riches ML, Seo S, Solh M, Solomon S, Szwajcer D, Yared J, van Besien K, Eapen M.Transplant Cell Ther. 2021 12;27(12):___993:::.e1-___993:::.e8.The in vivo depletion of recipient and donor T lymphocytes using antithymocyte globulin (ATG; Thymoglobulin) is widely adopted in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) to reduce the incidence of both graft failure and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, excess toxicity to donor lymphocytes may hamper immune reconstitution, compromising antitumor effects and increasing infection. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) administered early after HCT may increase ATG-mediated lymphotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an interaction between ATG and post-transplantation granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on allogeneic HCT outcomes, using the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) registry. We studied patients age ≥18 years with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) who received Thymoglobulin-containing preparative regimens for HLA-matched sibling/unrelated or mismatched unrelated donor HCT between 2010 and 2018. The effect of planned G-CSF that was started between pretransplantation day 3 and post-transplantation day 12 was studied in comparison with transplantations that did not include G-CSF. Cox regression models were built to identify risk factors associated with outcomes at 1 year after transplantation. A total of 874 patients met the study eligibility criteria, of whom 459 (53%) received planned G-CSF. HCT with planned G-CSF was associated with a significantly increased risk for nonrelapse mortality (NRM) (hazard ratio [HR] 2.03; P <.0001; 21% versus 12%) compared to HCT without G-CSF. The 6-month incidence of viral infection was higher with G-CSF (56% versus 47%; P = .007), with a particular increase in Epstein-Barr virus infections (19% versus 11%; P = .002). The observed higher NRM with planned G-CSF led to lower overall survival (HR, 1.52; P = .0005; 61% versus 72%). There was no difference in GVHD risk between the treatment groups. We performed 2 subgroup analyses showing that our findings held true in patients age ≥50 years and in centers where G-CSF was used in some, but not all, patients. In allogeneic peripheral blood HCT performed with Thymoglobulin for AML and MDS, G-CSF administered early post-transplantation resulted in a 2-fold increase in NRM and a 10% absolute decrement in survival. The use of planned G-CSF in the early post-transplantation period should be carefully considered on an individual patient basis, weighing any perceived benefits against these risks.
- ArticlePaisan GM, Buell TJ, Raper D, Asthagiri A.World Neurosurg. 2017 Dec;108:___993:::.e13-___993:::.e17.BACKGROUND: Spinal subdural hematomas (SSDHs) are rare and usually associated with bleeding diatheses, trauma, iatrogenic injury, spinal vascular malformations, or intraspinal tumors.
CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a case of a 75-year-old man who developed a symptomatic lumbosacral SSDH after undergoing resection of a right temporal glioblastoma multiforme. The patient subsequently recovered and was discharged home. Over the next 2 weeks, he developed progressively worsening symptoms of lower back pain, lower extremity weakness, and urinary retention. Although the patient had no known risk factors for developing a SSDH, magnetic resonance imaging on postoperative day 16 revealed an extensive L2-sacrum SSDH. The patient underwent L2-L5 total laminectomies for evacuation of the SSDH. His symptoms resolved after surgery. Literature review produced 26 other cases of SSDHs after intracranial surgery in patients without obvious risk factors. In our case, the lumbosacral SSDH may have originated from downward migration of intracranial blood in a gravity-dependent fashion. Radiographic evidence of blood within the posterior thecal sac of the patient's cervical spine supports this hypothesis.
CONCLUSIONS: In most cases, SSDHs after intracranial surgery resolve with conservative treatment; however, as shown in our case, surgery may be required if there is progressive neurologic decline. Neurosurgeons should be aware of this potential complication after intracranial surgery; a magnetic resonance imaging of the spine may be indicated if there is unexplained lower extremity pain or weakness. - ArticleTenny SO, Ehlers LD, Robbins JW, Gillis CC.World Neurosurg. 2017 Dec;108:___993:::.e1-___993:::.e7.BACKGROUND: Chordomas arise from remnants of the notochord and occur throughout the neuroaxis. En bloc resection of chordomas can prove especially challenging in the upper cervical spine secondary to the unique structural anatomy and intimate relationship to the vertebral arteries and spinal cord.
CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe the resection of a C2-C3 chordoma in a 55-year-old woman in 2-stage fashion with preservation of the vertebral arteries. First, a posterior instrumented fusion and removal of the posterior elements was performed, followed by an anterior transmandibular en bloc resection with cage reconstruction with kick-plate support achievable with off-the-shelf products.
CONCLUSIONS: Chordomas in the upper cervical spine pose a surgical challenge but are amenable to en bloc resection. With careful planning and intraoperative adaptability, the surgeon can achieve a suitable reconstruction with off-the-shelf products. - ArticleDel Castillo-Calcáneo JD, Navarro-Ramírez R, Nakhla J, Kim E, Härtl R.World Neurosurg. 2017 Dec;108:___993:::.e9-___993:::.e11.BACKGROUND: Tarlov cysts (TC) are focal dilations of arachnoid and dura mater of the spinal posterior nerve root sheath that appear as cystic lesions of the nerve roots typically in the lower spine, especially in the sacrum, which can cause radicular symptoms when they increase in size and compress the nerve roots. Different open procedures have been described to treat TCs, but no minimally invasive procedures have been described to effectively address this pathology.
CASE DESCRIPTION: A 29-year-old woman presented with right lower extremity pain and weakness. A magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrated a lumbosacral TC that protruded through the right L5-S1 foramina. Through a small laminotomy, cyst drainage followed by neck ligation using a Scanlan modified technique through tubular retractors was performed. The patient recovered full motor function within the first days postoperatively and showed no signs of relapse at 6-month follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive spine surgery through tubular retractors can be safely performed for successful excision and ligation of TC using a Scanlan modified technique. - ArticleVentre M, Netti PA.Nanomedicine (Lond). 2016 May;11(9):___993:::-6.
- ArticlePinzi V, Landoni V, Cattani F, Lazzari R, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Orecchia R.Ecancermedicalscience. 2019;13:___993:::.BACKGROUND: The role of radiotherapy and brachytherapy in the management of locally advanced cervical and endometrial cancer is well established. However, in some cases, intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBRT) is not recommended or cannot be carried out. We aimed to investigate whether external-beam irradiation delivered by means of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) might replace ICBRT in gynaecological cancer when the standard ICBRT boost delivering cannot be administered for technical or clinical reasons.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen already delivered treatments for gynaecological cancer patients were analysed. The treatments were performed through 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) to the whole-pelvis up to the dose of 45-50.4 Gy followed by a boost dose administered with ICBRT in high-dose-rate or pulsed-dose-rate modality. For each patient, IMRT plans were elaborated to mimic the ICBRT. We analysed the ICBRT boost versus IMRT boost in terms of dosimetric and radiobiological aspects.
RESULTS: Mean conformity index value calculated on boost volume was 0.73 for ICBRT and 0.97 for IMRT. Mean conformation number was 0.24 for ICBRT boost and 0.78 for IMRT boost. Mean normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) values for 3D-CRT plus ICBRT and for IMRT (pelvis plus boost) were, respectively, 28% and 5% for rectum; 1.5% and 0.1% for urinary bladder and 8.9% and 6.1% for bowel.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that IMRT may represent a viable alternative in delivering the boost in patients diagnosed with gynaecological cancer not amenable to ICBRT. - ArticleDülgar Ö, Saha A, Elleson KM, Markowitz J.Immunotherapy. 2023 09;15(13):___993:::-999.The overall survival of melanoma patients has improved using antibodies targeting immune checkpoints (anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4 and anti-LAG-3). Systemic chemotherapy was administered in melanoma for many years with limited effectiveness. Here we report a case of a patient who experienced immune-mediated adverse effects from checkpoint blockade therapy and subsequently responded to chemotherapy. The patient presented with melanoma and paraneoplastic digital ischemia. She received a combination of ipilimumab/nivolumab and experienced G3 myocarditis, followed by melanoma progression after a steroid taper. This patient achieved a partial and durable response with platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy. This report suggests the possibility of a subset of patients who experience progression after immune-based side effects where chemotherapy may be effective in the modern age of melanoma treatment.
- ArticleVallabhaneni H, Shah T, Shah P, Hursh DA.Cytotherapy. 2023 09;25(9):___993:::-1005.BACKGROUND AIMS: Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold a great promise for promoting regenerative medical therapies due to their ability to generate multiple mature cell types and for their high expansion potential. However, cell therapies require large numbers of cells to achieve desired therapeutic effects, and traditional two-dimensional static culture methods cannot meet the required production demand for cellular therapies. One solution to this problem is scaling up expansion of PSCs in bioreactors using culture strategies such as growing cells on microcarriers or as aggregates in suspension culture.
METHODS: In this study, we directly compared PSC expansion and quality parameters in microcarrier- and aggregate-cultures grown in single-use vertical-wheel bioreactors.
RESULTS: We showed comparable expansion of cells on microcarriers and as aggregates by day 6 with a cell density reaching 2.2 × 106 cells/mL and 1.8 × 106 cells/mL and a fold-expansion of 22- and 18-fold, respectively. PSCs cultured on microcarriers and as aggregates were comparable with parallel two-dimensional cultures and with each other in terms of pluripotency marker expression and retention of other pluripotency characteristics as well as differentiation potential into three germ layers, neural precursor cells and cardiomyocytes.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study did not demonstrate a clear advantage between the two three-dimensional methods for the quality parameters assessed. This analysis adds support to the use of bioreactor systems for large scale expansion of PSCs, demonstrating that the cells retain key characteristics of PSCs and differentiation potential in suspension culture. - ArticleAraujo DB, Dantas JR, Silva KR, Souto DL, Pereira MFC, Moreira JP, Luiz RR, Claudio-Da-Silva CS, Gabbay MAL, Dib SA, Couri CEB, Maiolino A, Rebelatto CLK, Daga DR, Senegaglia AC, Brofman PRS, Baptista LS, Oliveira JEP, Zajdenverg L, Rodacki M.Front Immunol. 2020;11:___993:::.Objective: To evaluate the short term safety and potential therapeutic effect of allogenic adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) + cholecalciferol in patients with recent-onset T1D. Methods: Prospective, phase II, open trial, pilot study in which patients with recent onset T1D received ASCs (1 × 106 cells/kg) and cholecalciferol 2000 UI/day for 3 months (group 1) and were compared to controls with standard insulin therapy (group 2). Adverse events, C-peptide (CP), insulin dose, HbA1c, time in range (TIR), glucose variability (continuous glucose monitoring) and frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ T-cells (flow cytometry) were evaluated at baseline (T0) and after 3 months (T3). Results: 13 patients were included (8: group 1; 5: group 2). Their mean age and disease duration were 26.7 ± 6.1 years and 2.9 ± 1.05 months. Adverse events were transient headache (n = 8), mild local reactions (n = 7), tachycardia (n = 4), abdominal cramps (n = 1), thrombophlebitis (n = 4), mild floaters (n = 2), central retinal vein occlusion (n = 1, complete resolution). At T3, group 1 had lower insulin requirement (0.22 ± 0.17 vs. 0.61±0.26IU/Kg; p = 0.01) and HbA1c (6.47 ± 0.86 vs. 7.48 ± 0.52%; p = 0.03) than group 2. In group 1, 2 patients became insulin free (for 4 and 8 weeks) and all were in honeymoon at T3 (vs. none in group 2; p = 0.01). CP variations did not differ between groups (-4.6 ± 29.1% vs. +2.3 ± 59.65%; p = 0.83). Conclusions: Allogenic ASCs + cholecalciferol without immunosuppression was associated with stability of CP and unanticipated mild transient adverse events in patients with recent onset T1D. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03920397.
- ArticleSpałek MJ, Rutkowski P.Front Oncol. 2020;10:___993:::.
- ArticleBurkill S, Smith KA, Stridh P, Kockum I, Hillert J, Lindahl H, Alfredsson L, Olsson T, Piehl F, Montgomery S, Bahmanyar S.Front Neurol. 2020;11:___993:::.Murine models have demonstrated that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is associated with pain-like behavior in peripheral nerve injury, however, the same association has not been shown when considering injury to the central nervous system (CNS), which more closely mimics the damage to the CNS experienced by MS patients. Previous research has indicated the DQB1*03:02 allele of the class II HLA genes as being associated with development of neuropathic pain in persons undergoing inguinal hernia surgery or with lumbar spinal disk herniation. Whether this HLA allele plays a part in susceptibility to pain, has not, as far as we are aware, been previously investigated. This study utilizes information on DQB1*03:02 alleles as part of the EIMS, GEMS, and IMSE studies in Sweden. It also uses register data for 3,877 MS patients, and 4,548 matched comparators without MS, to assess whether the DQB1*03:02 allele is associated with prescribed pain medication use, and whether associations with this genotype differ depending on MS status. Our results showed no association between the DQB1*03:02 genotype and pain medication in MS patients, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.02 (95% CI 0.85-1.24). In contrast, there was a statistically significant association of low magnitude in individuals without MS [adjusted OR 1.18 (95% CI 1.03-1.35)], which provides support for HLA influence on susceptibility to pain in the general population. Additionally, the effect of zygosity was evident for the non-MS cohort, but not among MS patients, suggesting the DQB1*03:02 allele effect is modified by the presence of MS.
- ArticleIshii H, Kaneko S, Yanai K, Aomatsu A, Hirai K, Ookawara S, Ishibashi K, Morishita Y.Front Genet. 2020;11:___993:::.Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Podocyte injury contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy. However, the molecules that regulate podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy have not been fully clarified. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that can inhibit the translation of target messenger RNAs. Previous reports have described alteration of the expression levels of many miRNAs in cultured podocyte cells stimulated with a high glucose concentration and podocytes in rodent models of diabetic nephropathy. The associations between podocyte injury and miRNA expression levels in blood, urine, and kidney in patients with diabetic nephropathy have also been reported. Moreover, modulation of the expression of several miRNAs has been shown to have protective effects against podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy in cultured podocyte cells in vitro and in rodent models of diabetic nephropathy in vivo. Therefore, this review focuses on miRNAs in podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy, with regard to their potential as biomarkers and miRNA modulation as a therapeutic option.
- ArticleNovais AG, Capelo J, Costa M, Conceição M, Crespo P, Mocho L, Leão B, Malheiro L, Silva S, Sarmento A.IDCases. 2020;22:e00993.Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection caused by Mucorales order fungi. The rhino-cerebral form of mucormycosis is most commonly seen in patients with diabetes mellitus, whereas, pulmonary mucormycosis is a rare manifestation in patients with haematological malignancy and transplant recipients. We report a case of pulmonary mucormycosis presenting with a late acute onset diabetes on a patient immunosuppressed with a low dose of steroids. We aim to illustrate the need for a high clinical suspicion for the diagnosis of mucormycosis and to report the importance of early and aggressive inhiation of antifungal therapy.
- ArticleGyuris P, Kozma L, Kisander Z, Láng A, Ferencz T, Kocsor F.Front Psychol. 2020;11:___993:::.In "patchwork" families, full siblings, maternal and paternal half-siblings, and non-related children are raised together, and sometimes, genetically related children are separated. As their number is steadily growing, the investigation of the factors that influence within-family relations is becoming more important. Our aim was to explore whether people differentiate between half- and full-siblings in their social relations as implied by the theory of inclusive fitness, and to test whether co-residence or genetic relatedness improves sibling relations to a larger extent. We administered the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire to 196 individuals who were in contact with full-, half-, or step-siblings in their childhood. We built Generalized Linear Mixed Models models to test for the effects of relatedness and co-residence on sibling relations. In general, a higher degree of relatedness was associated with better sibling relations, but only among those who did not live together during childhood. Co-resident siblings' overall pattern of relation quality was not influenced by the actual level of genetic relatedness. In contrast to this, full siblings reported having experienced more conflicts during childhood than half-siblings, possibly resulting from enhanced competition for the same parental resources. The results suggest that inclusive fitness drives siblings' relations even in recent industrial societies. However, among individuals who live together, the effect of relatedness might be obscured by fitness interdependence and the subjective feeling of kinship.
- ArticleChoi JS, Genther DJ, Boss EF.Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016 09;55(10):___993:::-6.
- ArticleRasschaert G.Endoscopy. 2021 10;53(10):___993:::.
- ArticleMassmann A, Heukelom JV, Larson C, Starks RD.Pharmacogenomics. 2022 12;23(18):987-___993:::.Pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing is commonly utilized to predict a patient's response to medications based on the presence of genetic variants. However, certain conditions have been associated with potentially inaccurate PGx results. The majority of medications are predominantly metabolized in the liver; therefore, in the case of liver transplantation, PGx results may be misinterpreted in the context of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Other instances of ambiguous PGx results have been reported in the literature in conditions such as allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplant, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute or chronic myeloid leukemia and blood transfusion. In order to prevent potential inaccuracies in PGx testing, Sanford Imagenetics developed an active, interruptive alert to inform providers of the potential for inaccurate PGx results.
- ArticleSuazo J, Salamanca C, González-Hormazábal P, Cáceres-Rojas G, Pantoja R, Leiva N, Pardo R.Epigenomics. 2022 09;14(17):987-___993:::.Aim: To assess the association between PEMT variants and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Chile and the effects of these variants on global DNA methylation. Subjects & methods: The authors obtained genotypes for nine variants from 247 cases and 453 controls for genotype-phenotype associations. The effect of significant polymorphisms on global DNA methylation (percentage of long interspersed element-1 methylation) was evaluated in a subsample of 95 controls. Results: After multiple comparison corrections, variants rs7649 and rs4646409 were associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Carriers of risk alleles presented lower DNA methylation levels than noncarriers. Conclusion: According to functional analysis for risk variants from previous reports, the authors infer that a decrease of methyl group availability is occurring in affected subjects.