BookVishwanath Venketaraman, editor.
Summary: According to the World Health Organization, approximately one third of the world's population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb [LTBI]), of whom about 9 million have active tuberculosis (TB). It is estimated that approximately 2 million individuals die each year from active TB. An estimated 14.4% of these individuals have HIV and M. tb co-infection. TB has long been known to be one of the leading causes of death in HIV-infected individuals. Recent evidence now indicates that individuals with type 2 diabetes, the elderly, and chronic smokers are also increasingly susceptible to TB infection, the ability of their immune system to fight off active TB infection having been compromised by their condition. This book therefore aims to provide a detailed review of recent advances in the research that involves characterizing the host's immune responses against TB infection in conditions such as HIV, diabetes, chronic cigarette smoking and aging, and strategies to restore favorable immune responses against this deadly pathogen.
Contents:
Intro; Preface; Contents; Contributors; Diabetes and Tuberculosis; Epidemiology; Clinical Aspects; TB Treatment Outcomes in TB-T2D Patients; Underlying Biology for the Association Between TB and T2D; Immune Response Studies in TB-Naïve Hosts with T2D; Immune Response Studies in Individuals with LTBI and T2D; Immune Response Studies in Individuals with TB and T2D; Studies in Individuals with TB and T2D Using Alveolar Macro phages; Host-Directed Therapies for TB in T2D Patients; Concluding Remarks; References; Recent Advances in Tuberculosis Immunodiagnostics; Introduction; Current Diagnostics. Cigarette Smoking and Increased Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis InfectionIntroduction; Cigarette Smoking and TB; Cigarette Smoking and TB Disease; Cigarette Smoking and Mortality Due to TB; Cigarette Smoking and TB Recurrence; Cigarette Smoking and M. tb Infection; Oxidative Stress; Antioxidants; Smoking and Oxidative Stress; Oxidative Stress and Tuberculosis; Cigarette Smoking and the Immune System's Defense Against Tuberculosis; Innate Immune System; Adaptive Immune System; Summary; References; Coinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV; Epidemiology of TB and HIV. Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) TB and Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) TB Among HIV-Infected PersonsNatural History of TB in People with HIV; Clinical Presentation of TB in HIV-Infected Individuals; Diagnosis of TB in Persons Coinfected with HIV; Treatment of HIV-TB Coinfection; Tuberculosis Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (TB-IRIS); Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) for HIV-Infected Individuals; Immune Response to M. tuberculosis Infection; Aberration of Innate Immune Responses in HIV-Infected Individuals; Impaired Acquired Immune Responses in HIV-Infected Individuals. Immune Responses in TB PatientsRationale for the Development of Novel Immunodiagnostic Tests; Novel Antibody-Based Immunoassays; Future Directions for Blood-Based TB Diagnostics; References; Granulomatous Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection; Introduction; Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Granuloma Formation; Architecture and Function of Granuloma; Structural Transformation of Granuloma; Role of Cytokines in Granuloma Formation; Role of Chemokines in Granuloma Formation; B Cell Response in Tuberculosis; Metabolic Shift in Granulomas. Targeting Granulomas as a Therapeutic Approach for TBSummary and Conclusion; References; Animal Models of Tuberculosis; Introduction; Overview of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Model Animals; Nonhuman Primates; Rabbits; Guinea Pigs; Hamster; Mice; Rats; Marmosets; Minipigs; Zebrafish; Summary and Conclusion; References; Novel Antimycobacterial Drugs and Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis; Introduction; New Antimycobacterial Drugs; Host-Directed Therapies; Host-Directed Therapies That Reduce Inflammation; Biomarkers; Conclusion; References.