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  • Article
    Shackleton R, Shackleton C, Shackleton S, Gambiza J.
    PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e76939.
    Deagraianisation is a worldwide phenomenon with widespread social, ecological and economic effects yet with little consensus on the local or higher level causes. There have been contested views on the causes and consequences of deagrarianisation on South Africa's Wild Coast, which is an international biodiversity hotspot. Using GIS, household interviews and ecological sampling, we compared the perspectives of current and former cultivators as to why some have abandoned farming, whilst also tracking the uses and woody plant cover and composition of fields abandoned at different periods. The GIS analysis showed that field abandonment had been ongoing over several decades, with a decline from 12.5 % field cover in 1961 to 2.7 % in 2009. The area of forests and woodlands almost doubled in the corresponding period. There was a distinct peak in field abandonment during the time of political transition at the national level in the early 1990s. This political change led to a decrease in government support for livestock farming, which in turn resulted in reduced animal draught power at the household and community level, and hence reduced cropping. The study showed it is largely the wealthier households that have remained in arable agriculture and that the poorer households have abandoned farming. The abandoned fields show a distinct trend of increasing woody biomass and species richness with length of time since abandonment, with approximately three woody plant species added per decade. Most local respondents dislike the increases in forest and woodland extent and density because of anxiety about wild animals causing harm to crops and even humans, and the loss of an agricultural identity to livelihoods and the landscape.
    Digital Access Access Options
  • Book
    edited by Raju Khan, Chetna Dhand, S. K. Sanghi, Shabi Thankaraj Salammal, and A. B. P. Mishra.
    Summary: "This book provides a well-focused and comprehensive overview of novel technologies involved in advanced microfluidics based diagnosis via various types of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, i also contains detailed descriptions on the diagnosis of novel techniques"-- Provided by publisher.

    Contents:
    The basic concept for microfluidics-based devices / Vibhav Katoch, Bhanu Prakash
    Role of microfluidics-based point-of-care testing (POCT) for clinical applications / Arpana Parihar, Dipesh Singh Parihar, Pushpesh Ranjan, Raju Khan
    Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for glucose detection / Shristi Handa, Vibhav Katoch, Bhanu Prakash
    Microfluidics based point-of-care diagnostic devices / A. K. Sen, A. Nath, A. Sudeepthi, S. K. Jain, U. Banerjee
    Microfluidic device for isolation of circulating tumour cells in blood / A. K. Sen, U. Banerjee, S. K. Jain, A. Nath, A. Sudeepthi
    D printed microfluidic device with Integrated biosensors for biomedical applications / Priyanka Prabhakar, Raj Kumar Sen, Neeraj Dwivedi, Raju Khan, Pratima R. Solanki, Satanand Mishra, Avanish Kumar Srivastava, and Chetna Dhand
    Integrated biosensor for rapid and point-of-care biomedical diagnosis / Sunil Kumar and Rashmi Madhuri
    Paper-based microfluidic devices with integrated nanostructured materials for glucose detection / Abhinav Sharma, Wejdan S. AlGhamdi, Hendrik Faber, Thomas D. Anthopoulos
    Microfluidic devices as miniaturized analytical module for cancer diagnosis / Niraj K. Vishwakarma, Parul Chaurasia, Pranjal Chandra and Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
    Analytical devices with instrument-free detection based on paper microfluidics / S. Seetasang, T. Kaneta
    Micromixers and microvalves for point-of-care diagnosis and lab-on-a-chip applications / Aarathi Pradeep, T. G. Satheesh Babu
    Microfluidic contact lenses for ocular diagnostics / A.Dennyson Savariraj, A. A. Khan, M. Elsherif, F. Alam, B. Alqattan, Ahmed E. Salih, A. A. S. J. Alghailani, A. K. Yetisen, H. Butt
    Microfluidic platforms for wound healing analysis / Lynda Velutheril Thomas, Priyadarsini S
    Chromatographic separation and visual detection on wicking microfluidic devices / Keisham Radhapyari, Nirupama Guru Aribam, Suparna Datta, Snigdha Dutta, Rinkumoni Barman, Raju Khan
    Microfluidic electrochemical sensor system for simultaneous multi biomarker analyses / Mayank Garg, Reetu Rani, Amit L. Sharma, Suman Singh
    Commercialization of microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices / Pushpesh Ranjan, Mohd. Abubakar Sadique, Arpana Parihar, Chetna Dhand, Alka Mishra, and Raju Khan.
    Digital Access TandFonline 2022
  • Article
    Wei Y, Feng Y, Danesh Yazdi M, Yin K, Castro E, Shtein A, Qiu X, Peralta AA, Coull BA, Dominici F, Schwartz JD.
    BMJ. 2024 02 21;384:e076939.
    OBJECTIVE: To estimate exposure-response associations between chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and risks of the first hospital admission for major cardiovascular disease (CVD) subtypes.
    DESIGN: Population based cohort study.
    SETTING: Contiguous US.
    PARTICIPANTS: 59 761 494 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged ≥65 years during 2000-16. Calibrated PM2.5 predictions were linked to each participant's residential zip code as proxy exposure measurements.
    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of the first hospital admission during follow-up for ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, valvular heart disease, thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms, or a composite of these CVD subtypes. A causal framework robust against confounding bias and bias arising from errors in exposure measurements was developed for exposure-response estimations.
    RESULTS: Three year average PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased relative risks of first hospital admissions for ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. For composite CVD, the exposure-response curve showed monotonically increased risk associated with PM2.5: compared with exposures ≤5 µg/m3 (the World Health Organization air quality guideline), the relative risk at exposures between 9 and 10 µg/m3, which encompassed the US national average of 9.7 µg/m3 during the study period, was 1.29 (95% confidence interval 1.28 to 1.30). On an absolute scale, the risk of hospital admission for composite CVD increased from 2.59% with exposures ≤5 µg/m3 to 3.35% at exposures between 9 and 10 µg/m3. The effects persisted for at least three years after exposure to PM2.5. Age, education, accessibility to healthcare, and neighborhood deprivation level appeared to modify susceptibility to PM2.5.
    CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that no safe threshold exists for the chronic effect of PM2.5 on overall cardiovascular health. Substantial benefits could be attained through adherence to the WHO air quality guideline.
    Digital Access Access Options