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  • Book
    Ram Swaroop Meena, Anup Das, Gulab Singh Yadav, Rattan Lal, editors.
    Summary: Sustainable management of soils is an important global issue of the 21st century. Feeding roughly 8 billion people with an environmentally sustainable production system is a major challenge, especially considering the fact that 10% of the world's population at risk of hunger and 25% at risk of malnutrition. Accordingly, the 68th United Nations (UN) general assembly declared 2016 the "International Year of Pulses" to raise awareness and to celebrate the role of pulses in human nutrition and welfare. Likewise, the assembly declared the year 2015 as the "International Year of Soils" to promote awareness of the role of "healthy soils for a healthy life" and the International Union of Soil Science (IUSS) has declared 2015-2024 as the International Decade of Soils. Including legumes in cropping systems is an important toward advancing soil sustainability, food and nutritional security without compromising soil quality or its production potential. Several textbooks and edited volumes are currently available on general soil fertility or on legumes but, to date, none have been dedicated to the study of "Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management". This is important aspect, as the soil, the epidermis of the Earth (geoderma), is the major component of the terrestrial biosphere. This book explores the impacts of legumes on soil health and sustainability, structure and functioning of agro-ecosystems, agronomic productivity and food security, BNF, microbial transformation of soil N and P, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, biofertilizers, etc. With the advent of fertilizers, legumes have been sidelined since World War II, which has produced serious consequences for soils and the environment alike. Therefore, legume-based rational cropping/soil management practices must support environmentally and economically sustain­able agroecosystems based on (sequential) rotation and intercropping considerations to restore soil health and sustainability. All chapters are amply illustrated with appropriately placed data, tables, figures, and photographs, and supported with extensive and cutting-edge references. The editors have provided a roadmap for the sustainable development of legumes for food and nutritional security and soil sustainability in agricultural systems, offering a unique resource for teachers, researchers, and policymakers, as well as undergraduate and graduate students of soil science, agronomy, ecology, and the environmental sciences.

    Contents:
    Intro; Contents; About the Editors;
    1: Legumes andSustainable Use ofSoils; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Prospects ofLegumes inDeveloping Countries; 1.3 Current Need forSoil Sustainability; 1.4 Role ofLegumes inSoil Sustainability; 1.4.1 Agroecosystem; 1.4.2 Agricultural Productivity; 1.4.3 Intercropping; 1.4.4 Crop Rotations; 1.4.5 Soil Conservation; 1.4.6 Fertilizer Savings; 1.4.7 Restore Polluted Soil; 1.4.8 Soil Microbial Biomass; 1.4.9 Soil Physical Properties; 1.4.10 Soil Chemical Properties; 1.4.11 Soil Carbon Stock; 1.4.12 Soil N Pool; 1.4.13 Crop Succeeding Effects. 1.5 Future Outlook ofLegumes1.6 Conclusion; References;
    2: Cereal-Legume Cropping System inIndian Himalayan Region forFood andEnvironmental Sustainability; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Pulse Scenario inIndia; 2.2.1 Pulse Scenario inEastern, Western, andCentral Himalayas; 2.2.2 Major Pulses ofIHR; 2.2.2.1 Indigenous Pulses ofEHR; 2.2.3 Cropping System inCentral Himalayas; 2.3 Prospect ofLegumes inIHR; 2.4 Land Degradation inIHR; 2.5 Role ofLegumes inSoil Sustainability; 2.5.1 Legume Effect onSoil Properties; 2.5.2 Efficient Utilization ofP. 2.10.2 Vertical Inclusion ofPulses inCropping System2.10.3 Cultivation ofPulses inField Bund; 2.10.4 Inclusion ofPulses inShifting Cultivation; 2.10.5 Farm Mechanization; 2.10.6 Transfer ofTechnology; 2.11 Future Perspectives; 2.12 Conclusion; References;
    3: Grain Legumes forResource Conservation andAgricultural Sustainability inSouth Asia; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Crop Diversification withGrain Legumes; 3.3 Grain Legumes forRestoration ofSoil Health; 3.3.1 Biological Nitrogen Fixation; 3.3.2 Nutrient Recycling; 3.3.3 Soil Health Improvement. 2.6 Scope ofLegume inExisting Cropping Systems2.6.1 Potential Future Pulse-Based Cropping System forIHR; 2.6.2 Legume Cropping inWestern andCentral Himalayas; 2.7 Cereal + Legume Intercropping; 2.7.1 Effect ofLegumes onSucceeding/Associated Crops; 2.8 Role ofLegume inImproving Input Use Efficiency; 2.8.1 Weed Smothering Efficiency ofPulses; 2.9 Opportunity forPulses UnderConservation Agriculture (CA) inNER; 2.10 Strategies forEnhancing Area andProductivity ofLegumes; 2.10.1 Horizontal Inclusion ofPulses inCropping System. 3.3.3.1 Soil Physical Properties3.3.3.2 Soil Chemical Properties; 3.3.3.3 Soil Biological Properties; 3.4 Grain Legumes forWater Economy; 3.5 Weed Smothering Effects ofGrain Legumes; 3.5.1 Crop Rotation; 3.5.2 Intercropping; 3.5.3 Cover Crop; 3.5.4 Pulse Crop Residues andAllelopathy; 3.6 Grain Legumes inConservation Agriculture; 3.6.1 Reduced Tillage; 3.6.2 Water Saving; 3.6.3 Crop Residues; 3.6.4 Crop Diversity; 3.7 Higher Productivity andSustainability; 3.8 Grain Legumes inRice Fallows; 3.9 Grain Legumes forEcosystem Services; 3.10 Way Forward; References.
    Digital Access Springer 2018
  • Article
    Belendiuk G, Mangnall D, Tung B, Westley J, Getz GS.
    J Biol Chem. 1978 Jul 10;253(13):4555-65.
    CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase catalyzes the formation of CDP-diglyceride from CTP and phosphatidic acid. The enzyme was solubilized from crude mitochondrial membrane by treatment with digitonin and was further purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, quaternary aminoethyl (QAE) Sephadex, and Sepharose 6B columns. At this stage the enzyme, enriched 550-fold over crude cell homogenate, still remains associated with phospholipid and has an estimated approximate molecular weight of 400,000 on the basis of gel filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the 550-fold enriched enzyme yielded two major protein bands having molecular weights of 45,000 and 19,000. The enzyme exhibits an absolute dependence on Triton X-100, a sharp Mg2+ dependence with an optimum at 20 mM, and a pH optimum of 6.5 for activity. The product of the CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyl-transferase reaction has been isolated and identified as CDP-diglyceride, both for the crude enzyme preparation as well as for the 550-fold enriched enzyme. CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase is capable of catalyzing the reverse reaction in the presence of pyrophosphate, utilizing CDP-diglyceride as substrate. The product of the reverse reaction was identified as CTP. Kinetic analysis of the behavior of CTP-phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase was performed at three different stages of its purification. Initial analysis of the data yielded biphasic behavior in double reciprocal plots with respect to both substrates. Hill plots of the data indicated the presence of negative cooperativity. A detailed analysis of the kinetic behavior was performed on the enzyme purified 550-fold. The data suggest a mechanism involving two distinct cycles of catalysis, responsive to homotropic modification, with different affinities for both substrates. Further analysis of the kinetic behavior in the presence of inhibitors (dCTP and PPi) yielded a reaction order for the entrance of substrates and departure of products from the reaction cycles. The high affinity site catalyzes the reaction via a double displacement mechanism and is the predominant form at low concentrations of substrates. At high concentrations of substrates the low affinity site starts contributing significantly to the reaction velocity with an ordered single displacement mechanism. In each case CTP is the first substrate to attach and PPi is the first product released.
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