Health Statistics

::Summary## This volume presents an integrated epidemiologic, social, and economic analysis of the global epidemics of HIV among sex workers in low- and middle-income countries. The book provides a comprehensive review and synthesis of the available public health and social science data to characterize the nature, scope, and complexities of these epidemics. A community empowerment-based approach to HIV prevention, treatment, and care is outlined and demonstrated to be cost-effective across multiple settings, with a significant projected impact on HIV incidence among sex workers and transmission dynamics overall. The Global HIV Epidemics among Sex Workers seeks to assist governments, public health implementing agencies, donors, and sex worker communities to better understand and respond to the epidemics among a population facing heightened social and structural vulnerabilities to HIV. The book combines a systematic review of the global epidemiology of HIV among sex workers and in-depth case studies of the epidemiology, policy and programmatic responses and surrounding social contexts for HIV prevention, care and treatment in eight countries. The authors employ mathematical modeling and cost-effectiveness analysis to assess the potential country-level impact of a community empowerment-based approach to HIV prevention, treatment, and care among sex workers when taken to scale in four countries representing diverse sociopolitical contexts and HIV epidemics: Brazil, Kenya, Thailand, and Ukraine. In each setting, greater investment in prevention, treatment, and care for sex workers is shown to significantly reduce HIV. Together these findings underline the urgency of further global investment in comprehensive, human rights-based responses to HIV among sex workers.<br/>::Contents##<br/>Review of the epidemiology of HIV among sex workers<br/>Country case studies on sex work and HIV prevention<br/>HIV prevention interventions for sex workers : modeling the impacts<br/>Cost-effectiveness analyses<br/>Modeling violence and HIV among sex workers<br/>Sex worker leadership in responding to HIV and promoting human rights.

::Summary## The Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 presents a comprehensive perspective on the global, regional and country consumption of alcohol, patterns of drinking, health consequences and policy responses in Member States. It represents a continuing effort by the World Health Organization (WHO) to support Member States in collecting information in order to assist them in their efforts to reduce the harmful use of alcohol, and its health and social consequences. The report was launched in Geneva on Monday 12 May 2014 during the second meeting of the global network of WHO national counterparts for implementation of the global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol.--Publisher's description.<br/>::Contents##<br/>1. Alcohol and public health<br/>2. Alcohol consumption<br/>3. Health consequences<br/>4. Alcohol policy and interventions.

::Contents##<br/>Reducing the harmful use of alcohol: a keystone in sustainable development<br/>Global strategies, action plans and monitoring frameworks<br/>Alcohol consumption<br/>Health consequences<br/>Alcohol policy and interventions<br/>Reducing the harmful use of alcohol: a public health imperative.

::Summary## This global status report on prevention and control of NCDs (2014), is framed around the nine voluntary global targets. The report provides data on the current situation, identifying bottlenecks as well as opportunities and priority actions for attaining the targets. The 2010 baseline estimates on NCD mortality and risk factors are provided so that countries can report on progress, starting in 2015. In addition, the report also provides the latest available estimates on NCD mortality (2012) and risk factors, 2010-2012. All ministries of health need to set national NCD targets and lead the development and implementation of policies and interventions to attain them. There is no single pathway to attain NCD targets that fits all countries, as they are at different points in their progress in the prevention and control of NCDs and at different levels of socioeconomic development. However all countries can benefit from the comprehensive response to attaining the voluntary global targets presented in this report.--Publisher description.<br/>::Contents##<br/>Message from the Director-General<br/>Preface<br/>Abbreviations<br/>Executive summary<br/>Introduction<br/>Current status of the global agenda on prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases<br/>Chapter 1. Global target 1: A 25% relative reduction in the overall mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory diseases<br/>Chapter 2. Global target 2: At least 10% relative reduction in the harmful use of alcohol, as appropriate, within the national context<br/>Chapter 3. Global target 3: A 10% relative reduction in prevalence of insufficient physical activity<br/>Chapter 4. Global target 4: A 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of salt/sodium<br/>Chapter 5. Global target 5: A 30% relative reduction in prevalence of current tobacco use<br/>Chapter 6. Global target 6: A 25% relative reduction in the prevalence of raised blood pressure or contain the prevalence of raised blood pressure, according to national circumstances<br/>Chapter 7. Global target 7: Halt the rise in diabetes and obesity<br/>Chapter 8. Global target 8: At least 50% of eligible people receive drug therapy and counselling (including glycaemic control) to prevent heart attacks and strokes<br/>Chapter 9. Global target 9: An 80% availability of the affordable basic technologies and essential medicines, including generics, required to treat major noncommunicable diseases in both public and private facilities<br/>Chapter 10. Development and implementation of national multisectoral action plans to attain national targets<br/>Chapter 11. The way forward to attain NCD targets: key messages<br/>Annexes<br/>Annex 1. Global monitoring framework, including 25 indicators and nine voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases<br/>Annex 2. Methods used for estimating the NCD mortality and risk factor data<br/>Annex 3. List of countries by WHO Regions and World Bank Income Groups<br/>Annex 4. Country estimates of noncommunicable disease mortality and selected risk factors, 2010 (baseline) and latest available data<br/>4.1. Premature NCD Mortality<br/>Probability of dying between exact ages 30 and 70 from any of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory disease, 2010 and 2012<br/>4.2. NCD mortality<br/>Comparable estimates of NCD mortality (total NCD deaths in 000s; % of NCD deaths occurring under the age of 70; and age-standardized death rate for NCDs per 100 000), 2012<br/>4.3. Alcohol<br/>Comparable estimates, per capita consumption, heavy episodic drinking and prevalence of alcohol use disorders (population aged 15+ years), 2010 and 2012<br/>4.4a. Insufficient physical activity<br/>Comparable estimates of prevalence of insuffi cient physical activity (adults 18+ years), 2010<br/>4.4b. Insufficient physical activity<br/>Comparable estimates of prevalence of insufficient physical activity (adolescents 11-17 years), 2010<br/>4.5. Tobacco<br/>Comparable estimates of prevalence of current tobacco smoking (population aged 15+ years), 2010 and 2012<br/>4.6. Body mass index<br/>Comparable estimates of mean body mass index (adults 18+ years), 2010 and 2014<br/>4.7a. Overweight and Obesity<br/>Comparable estimates of prevalence of overweight and obesity (population aged 18+ years), 2010<br/>4.7b. Overweight and Obesity<br/>Comparable estimates of prevalence of overweight and obesity (population aged 18+ years), 2014<br/>4.8a. Raised blood glucose<br/>Comparable estimates of prevalence of raised blood glucose (population aged 18+ years), 2010<br/>4.8b. Raised blood glucose<br/>Comparable estimates of prevalence of raised blood glucose (population aged 18+ years), 2014<br/>4.9a. Raised blood pressure<br/>Comparable estimates of prevalence of raised blood pressure (population aged 18+ years), 2010<br/>4.9b. Raised blood pressure<br/>Comparable estimates of prevalence of raised blood pressure (population aged 18+ years), 2014<br/>Index.

::Summary## This report provides legislation data last updated in 2011 and fatality data updated for 2010.

::Summary## The Global status report on violence prevention 2014, which reflects data from 133 countries, is the first report of its kind to assess national efforts to address interpersonal violence, namely child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner and sexual violence, and elder abuse. Jointly published by WHO, the United Nations Development Programme, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the report reviews the current status of violence prevention efforts in countries, and calls for a scaling up of violence prevention programmes; stronger legislation and enforcement of laws relevant for violence prevention; and enhanced services for victims of violence.--Publisher description<br/>::Contents##<br/>Preface<br/>Acknowledgements<br/>Executive summary<br/>Part I. Background<br/>Interpersonal violence--a universal challenge<br/>Part II. State of the problem<br/>Deaths and injuries are only a fraction of the burden<br/>Part III. Findings<br/>Knowledge of the true extent of the problem is hindered by gaps in data<br/>National action planning is underway in many countries<br/>Countries are investing in prevention but not on a level commensurate with the scale and severity of the problem<br/>Countries can do more to address key risk factors for violence through policy and other measures<br/>Laws relevant to violence have been widely enacted but enforcement is inadequate<br/>Availability of services to identify, refer, protect and support victims varies markedly<br/>Part IV. The way forward<br/>Conclusions<br/>Recommendations: national, regional and international<br/>References<br/>Part V. Explanatory notes<br/>Method for data collection and validation<br/>Estimating global homicide deaths<br/>Country profiles: explanation<br/>Part VI. At a glance<br/>Part VII. Glossary<br/>Part VIII. Country profiles<br/>Part IX. Statistical annex.

::Summary## Contains incidence data obtained through voluntary reporting supported by NCI's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program.