BookFederico Caobelli, editor.
Summary: This book addresses the most relevant imaging techniques in order to detect inflammation and infection in the most common cardiovascular diseases. The book presents data concerning molecular imaging (SPECT and PET) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for each disease, with a special focus on the emerging role of hybrid PET/MR imaging. Different non-ischemic and ischemic diseases as well as cardiac infections are addressed in detail; these include: Cardiac sarcoidosis, Cardiac amyloidosis, the vulnerable plaque, Post-infarction inflammatory alterations, Pericarditis, Myocarditis, Cardiac devices infections, and Endocarditis. The book also provides a comprehensive discussion on new targets and new tracers, to date mostly investigated at a pre-clinical stage, thus constituting an excellent basis for translational imaging. Imaging of Inflammation and Infection in Cardiovascular Diseases will be of interest not only for experts in clinical imaging, but also pre-clinical scientists and will be invaluable for both nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists.
Contents:
Intro
Preface
Contents
Part I: Challenges in Patient Preparation
1: Challenges in Patient Preparation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Prolonged Intervals of Fasting
1.3 Dietary Modifications
1.4 Pharmacologic Approaches
1.5 Conclusion
References
Part II: Non-ischemic Diseases
2: Cardiac Sarcoidosis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Screening for Cardiac Sarcoidosis
2.3 Diagnosis
2.4 Endomyocardial Biopsy: Imaging Guidance
2.5 CMR for Diagnosis/CMR Imaging Protocol
2.6 Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) 2.7 Imaging Myocardial Inflammation and Quantitative Tissue Characterization with CMR T1 and T2 Mapping
2.8 Additional CMR Findings Suggestive of Cardiac Sarcoidosis
2.9 Differential Diagnosis
2.10 Treatment: Anti-Inflammatory Therapy
2.11 CMR for Arrhythmogenic Risk Stratification/ICD
2.12 Positron Emission Tomography
2.13 Positron Emission Tomography with Tracers Other than 18F-FDG
2.14 Prognosis
2.15 Follow-up and Monitoring of Anti-Inflammatory Response
2.16 Hybrid PET-CMR Imaging
2.17 Outlook
2.18 Conclusion
References
3: Cardiac Amyloidosis 3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Different Phenotypes of Cardiac Amyloidosis
3.1.1.1 AL Amyloidosis
3.1.1.2 ATTR Amyloidosis
3.1.2 Screening for Cardiac Amyloidosis
3.2 Diagnosis
3.2.1 Endomyocardial Biopsy
3.2.2 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) Imaging
3.2.2.1 CMR Diagnosis and Imaging Protocol
3.2.2.2 Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE)
3.2.2.3 Quantitative Tissue Characterization with CMR Native T1, T2 and ECV Mapping
3.2.2.4 Differential Diagnosis of AL vs. ATTR Amyloid
3.2.3 Scintigraphy
3.2.3.1 Bone Avid Radiotracers Imaging Protocols and Interpretation
Diagnostic Accuracy
3.2.3.2 Innervation Radiotracers
3.2.4 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
3.2.5 Hybrid Imaging: PET/MRI
3.2.6 Diagnostic Algorithm for Diagnosis and Sub-Typing of Cardiac Amyloidosis
3.3 Treatment
3.4 Prognosis
3.5 Conclusion
References
Part III: Ischemic Diseases
4: Molecular Imaging of Vulnerable Plaque
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biology and Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis
4.2.1 History
4.2.2 Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis
4.2.2.1 Initiation of Atherosclerosis Vascular Endothelium and Atherosclerosis
Hemodynamics Forces in Atherosclerosis
Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Surface Adhesion Molecules
Foam Cells Formation
Progression of Atherosclerosis
Smooth Muscle Cells and Atherosclerosis
Calcification
Plaque Neoangiogenesis
Innate Immunity Cells in Atherosclerosis
Adaptive Immunity in Atherosclerosis
4.2.3 Complication of Atherosclerosis
4.2.3.1 Inducible Ischemia
4.2.3.2 Plaque Rupture
4.2.3.3 Plaque Erosion
4.3 Metabolism of Glucose in Atherosclerosis
4.3.1 Glucose and Immune Cells