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  Atlas of Macroscopic Wood Identification : with a Special Focus on Timbers Used in Europe and CITES-listed Species

  Flavio Ruffinatto, Alan Crivellaro.

  Summary: This atlas presents macroscopic descriptions, macro cross section pictures, general characteristics and identification keys of 335 wood species currently introduced in the European timber market from all over the world. Overall 292 different genera are represented and CITES-listed timbers are also included. Macroscopic descriptions are based on a recently proposed list of macroscopic features for wood identification. Macroscopic features and their codes are defined and illustrated in the atlas. Wood descriptions also include information about natural durability, physical and mechanical properties, end uses, environmental sustainability and possible related misleading commercial names. Furthermore, each genus is described in terms of number of species, geographical distribution and main commercial timbers, and details are given about to what extent timbers within the genus can be typically identified through macroscopic and microscopic analysis, if any. The atlas will be a valuable guide for all agents in charge for timber verification, those involved in the European Timber Regulation enforcement and CITES inspections, as well as wood scientists, foresters, wood sellers, wood restorers, and any wood worker and wood passionate interested in a fast and reliable tool for wood identification.
  
  Contents:
  Intro
  Acknowledgments
  Contents
  Introduction
  Part I: Basics of Wood Structure, Materials and Methods, Identification Key
  1: Plans of Observation and Wood Structure
  Plans of Observation
  Wood Structure
  2: Specimen Preparation and Observation
  Cutting Tools
  Specimen Preparation
  Hand Lens Observation
  3: Materials and Methods
  Species Selection
  Specimen Preparation and Imaging
  Specimen Description
  References
  4: Definition of Macroscopic Characters
  Anatomical Characters, Wood with and Without Vessels (Hardwoods and Softwoods)
  Growth Rings Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don
  Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.
  Amburana
  Amburana cearensis (Allemao) A.C.Sm.
  Amphimas
  Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms
  Andira
  Andira coriacea Pulle
  Androstachys
  Androstachys johnsonii Prain
  Aniba
  Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez
  Aniba rosodora Ducke
  Anisoptera
  Anisoptera costata Korth.
  Anopyxis
  Anopyxis klaineana (Pierre) Engl.
  Antiaris
  Antiaris toxicaria (J.F.Gmel.) Lesch.
  Antrocaryon
  Antrocaryon klaineanum Pierre
  Apuleia
  Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr.
  Aquilaria
  Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. Anatomical Characters, Wood with Vessels (Hardwoods)
  Porosity
  Vessel Arrangement
  General Comments
  Vessel Groupings
  General Comments
  Vessel Frequency
  General Comments
  Vessel Diameter/Pore Visibility
  General Comments
  Latewood Pore Visibility
  Vesselless Bands
  Tyloses
  Vessel Deposits
  Axial Parenchyma Distribution
  Ray Width
  General Comments
  Ray Storying
  Ray Height
  Rays per Millimetre
  Wood Rayless
  Fibres
  Intercellular Canals
  Included Phloem
  Anatomical Characters, Wood Without Vessels (Softwoods)
  Earlywood/Latewood Transition Axial Canals
  Axial Parenchyma
  Non-structural Characters, Wood with and Without Vessels (Hardwoods and Softwoods)
  Heartwood Colour
  General Comments
  Heartwood Density
  Heartwood Odour
  Heartwood Oily Surface
  Habit (According to IAWA 1989)
  Geographical Distribution (According to IAWA 1989) (Fig. 4.27)
  Non-structural Characters, Wood with Vessels (Hardwoods)
  Heartwood Fluorescence
  General Comments
  Heartwood Extractives
  Heartwood Froth Test
  Heartwood Burning Splinter Test
  Chrome Azurol-S test
  Grain
  Surface Marks
  References
  5: Identification Key Softwoods
  Hardwoods
  Part II: Wood Specifications
  6: Wood Specifications A-B
  Abies
  Abies alba Mill.
  Acacia
  Acacia mangium Willd.
  Acer
  Acer pseudoplatanus L.
  Adina
  Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Brandis
  Aesculus
  Aesculus hippocastanum L.
  Afzelia
  Afzelia bipindensis Harms.
  Agathis
  Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.
  Ailanthus
  Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
  Albizia
  Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth.
  Alexa
  Alexa imperatricis (R.H.Schomb.) Baill.
  Alnus
  Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
  Alstonia

  Digital Access Springer 2019
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• Article

  Acute and chronic beryllium disease.

  Constantinidis K.

  Br J Clin Pract. 1978 May;32(5):127-36,53.

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