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  • Book
    by Harald Becher, Andreas Helfen.
    Summary: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the practical aspects of contrast echocardiography. It also covers all the material in the guidelines published by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) in 2018 and the recommendations set out by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) in 2017. Contrast echocardiography at present is only used in 5-10% of cases, but this is expected to grow rapidly following the recommendations of the ASE and EACVI. The chapters cover the approved indications and provide practical advice on how to administer the contrast agents and how to optimize the recordings as well as how to deal with the pitfalls. The reader will find all the information on how to use contrast agents for assessment of shunts, LV volumes and function as well as myocardial diseases and masses. Detailed protocols are included for stress echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging. Other topics covered include the use of contrast agents for coronary sonography and transesophageal echocardiography. Contrast Echocardiography: Compendium for Clinical Practice comprehensively covers all aspects of the clinical use of contrast echocardiography and has been written by two cardiologists who share their experience from their high volume echo laboratories. One of the authors has been a member of both the ASE guidelines and EACVI recommendation writing groups. It is therefore, a critical text for echocardiographers and sonographers who perform echocardiography.

    Contents:
    Introduction
    Agitated saline
    Indications
    Preparation of right heart contrast agents
    Side effects
    Gelatine-preparations
    Left heart contrast agents
    Indications
    Contraindications
    Properties of left heart contrast agents
    Side effects: diagnosis and treatment
    Metabolism of contrast agents
    Preparing the contrast agent the patient for contrast injection
    Preparing the patient
    Echocardiography scanner
    setting for contrast echocardiography
    Agitated saline
    left heart contrast agents
    Infusion pump for contrast echocardiography
    Indications
    Operation of the pump
    Video-Guide
    References
    LV-Function and LV disease
    LV-Volumes und Function in 2D-und 3D-Echocardiography
    Measurement of LV-Volumes und LV-Function according current guidelines
    When is accurate measurement clinically relevant?
    Limitations of non-contrast 2D- und 3D-Echocardiography
    Advantages of Contrast Echocardiography for measurement of LV volumes
    Indications for Contrast Echocardiography
    Practice of 2D Contrast Echocardiography
    Recordings
    Criteria for adequate recordings
    Step by step analysis, how to avoid pitfalls
    Normal values
    EF-measurements in cardio-oncology
    EF measurements for ICD,CRT
    LV Volumes und EF in valvular heart disease
    EF and LV volumes in patients with heart failure
    Regional LV wall motion
    Practice of 3D Contrast Echocardiography
    Indications for using contrast agents
    3D contrast echo recordings: how to perform/trouble shooting
    Analysis/How to avoid
    Normal values
    LV-Myocardial disease and masses
    Cardiomyopathies
    LV aneurysm
    LV masses/thrombi
    At a glance
    Video-Guide
    References
    Transesophageal Contrast Echocardiography
    Anatomy of left atrial appendage (LAA)
    What is relevant to the physician?
    LAA shapes: chicken wing and non-chicken wing
    What causes LAA thrombi?
    LAA thrombi basics
    Diagnostic criteria of LAA thrombi
    Conclusion
    Echocardiography scanner settings
    General principles for adequate settings
    Analysis of contrast TEE recordings
    Conclusions
    Vivid 7 dimension settings
    Vivid E9 XD clear settings
    Philips IE 33 settings
    LAA thrombi
    case studies
    Variant 1
    Variant 2
    Variant 3
    Variant 4
    Spontaneous echo contrast and thrombi
    Exclusion of thrombi using contrast echocardiography
    Pericardial effusion and contrast echocardiography
    LAA occlude
    Aortic dissection
    Myxoma
    Conclusion
    Video-Guide
    References
    Coronary sonography
    Basics of coronary sonography
    Introduction
    Physiology and pathophysiology of myocardial perfusion
    Normal flow signals of coronary arteries
    Pathological flow recordings
    Coronary flow reserve
    Principle of coronary sonography
    Practice of coronary sonography
    Left coronary artery
    Left main stem
    Circumflex artery
    Right coronary artery
    Synopsis of typical scan planes
    Bypass grafts
    Coronary anomalies
    Coronary artery stenosis
    Conclusion
    Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFR)
    How to perform
    CFR und FFR
    CFR measurement in the right and circumflex arteries
    Echocardiography scanner settings
    Vivid- GE
    Philips EPIQ 7
    Siemens Acuson SC 2000
    Case study
    Conclusion
    Video-Guide
    References
    Stress echocardiography
    General principles
    Indications
    Contraindications
    Pretest probability
    Selection of the stress modality
    Echocardiographic parameters of ischemia
    Ischemic cascade
    Stress echocardiography for exclusion of significant coronary stenosis
    False positive and negative findings
    Stress echocardiography and ECG
    When to repeat stress echocardiography
    Referral to coronary angiography after stress echocardiography
    Exercise stress echocardiography in 10 steps
    Assessment of indications und contraindications
    Assessment whether physical stress is the adequate stress modality
    Patient preparation
    Required echocardiography laboratory equipment and staff
    Echocardiography scanner settings
    Preparation of the contrast agent
    Exercise protocol: mandatory recordings
    Management of the patient after finishing the test
    Assessment and reporting
    Conclusion and recommendations for patient management
    Dobutamine stress echocardiography in 10 steps
    Assessment of indications und contraindications
    Assessment whether Dobutamine stress is the adequate stress modality
    Patient preparation
    Required echocardiography laboratory equipment and staff
    Preparation of Dobutamine infusion
    Preparation of the contrast agent
    Dobutamine stress protocol: mandatory recordings
    Management of the patient after finishing the test
    Assessment and reporting
    Conclusion and recommendations for patient management
    Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of myocardial viability
    At a glance
    Video guide
    References
    Multi-parametric stress echocardiography
    Rationale for multi-parametric stress echocardiography
    Basics of perfusion echocardiography
    Display of myocardial perfusion
    Flash-replenishment-method
    Triggered vs continuous recording
    Quality assessment of perfusion recordings
    Characteristics of abnormal perfusion
    Artifacts in perfusion imaging
    Echocardiography scanner settings
    Analysis of the recordings
    Adenosine
    Pharmacology
    Indications und contraindications.-Regadenoson
    Conclusion
    Practice of multi-parametric stress echocardiography
    Case studies
    Normal findings
    LAD stenosis
    Reporting
    Video-Guide
    References
    Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
    Diagnostic criteria of ACS
    Role of echocardiography
    Impact of contrast echocardiography
    Safety of contrast media in ACS
    Myocardial perfusion and risk stratification during ACS
    Case study
    Myocardial perfusion and risk stratification after ACS, stunning and no-reflow
    Case study
    Myocardial rupture, perforation of coronary arteries
    Aortic dissection/rupture
    Video-Guide
    References
    EACVI Core Syllabus
    References. .
    Digital Access Springer 2019