A Brief History of Artificial Ventilation -- The Structure of the Airways and Lungs -- How the Lungs Work: Mechanics and Gas Exchange with the Blood -- Respiratory Failure -- The Management of Respiratory Failure: Airway Management and Manual Methods of Artificial Ventilation -- Basic principles of mechanical ventilation -- Portable mechanical ventilators -- Managing ventilation during transport -- Paediatric Artificial Ventilation for the Non-Specialist -- Artificial ventilation in difficult and extreme environments -- Mass ventilation -- Conclusions: key messages.