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  • Article
    Chen CT, Liu CY, Yu YB, Liu CJ, Hsiao LT, Gau JP, Chiou TJ, Liu JH, Liu YC.
    PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197797.
    [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185210.].
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  • Book
    American Academy of Pediatrics, Section On Obesity
    Summary: This convenient point-of-care resource provides practitioners with an evidence-based quick reference guide for evaluating and treating overweight and obesity in the clinical setting.

    Contents:
    Front Matter
    1. AAP Key Action Statements
    2. AAP Consensus Recommendations
    3. Algorithm for Pediatric Overweight and Obesity
    4. Evaluation
    5. Stigma and Communication
    6. Clinical Flow: Assessment and Evaluation
    7. Risk
    8. Physical Examination Findings
    9. Commonly Prescribed Medications and Weight Gain
    10. Conditions That Occur With Obesity
    11. Treatment
    12. Treatment in the Primary Care Office
    13. Intensive Health Behavior and Lifestyle Treatment
    14. My Goal Sheets
    15. Operationalizing Care
    16. Welcoming Office
    17. Capacity Considerations
    18. Coding for Overweight and Obesity
    19. 5210 Healthy Habits Questionnaire (Ages 2-9)
    20. 5210 Healthy Habits Questionnaire (Ages 10+)
    Digital Access AAP ebooks [2023], c2024
  • Article
    Dupeu JM.
    Diogenes. 1977;97:54-75.
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  • Article
    Fischer VW, Kloetzer WS, Baker KE.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(1):15-22.
    Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of selected portions of normal arteries from two species known to differ in susceptibility to vascular disease were examined. Arteries were classified as predominantly elastic, muscular or complex. Species differences in the structural organization of the abdominal aortic segment were observed. Arterial mucopoly-saccharides were stained more intensely in the tunica intima and media of chicken vessels than within those of the rat, and tended to be most concentrated in proximity of the internal elastic membrane. Histochemical procedures for the demonstration of enzymatic activity revealed inter-and intraspecies variations in vascular metabolism. Pronounced differences in reaction intensity for hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, affecting chicken and rat coronary arteries, were noted. In contrast, theses vessels displayed only minimal activity for acid phosphatase. Marked endothelial deposition of alkaline phosphatase reaction products in the arteries of the chicken was demonstrated, while this enzyme's activity in the vessels of the rat was restricted to the tunica adventitia. The implications of these structural and histochemical factors with regard to vascular susceptibility to disease were discussed.
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  • Article
    Hetzel W.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(1):68-80.
    Within the lateral ventricles of the brain of Acanthodactylus pardalis, different zones of ependymal cells are recognizable through their fluctuating changes from one into the other. The frontal pole of the hemisphere shows a rather homogeneous ependyma whose cells are laying together. Cell fibers are not visible. Farther caudally, the ventricular wall is subject to some alterations; there are more long-shaped cell nuclei. The ventricular sulci are areas of different ependymal structures. The sulcus terminalis represents a zone of dense-laying cells, whose nuclei possess in several regions more round or more elongated forms. An apical cytoplasmatic border and cilia are often clearly built out. The sulcus lateralis and the sulcus septo-archipallialis have a dense cell layer. The region below the medial cortex, near the sulcus septo-archipallialis, shows tanycytes with long basal fibers. The ependyma of the dorsal striatum shows dorsally as well as laterally, at the ventricle, areas with loosely arranged cells. The orientation of the cell nuclei to the ventricular surface is variable, especially at the ventricular wall of the septum and the opposite side of the striatum, where cell nuclei are to be found whose axis lays no more vertical but parallel to the ventricular surface.
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  • Article
    Doménech-Ratto G.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(1):4-14.
    Following the observation of 51 embryos and human fetuses of between 9 and 190 mm vertex/coccys length, cut transversally, frontally, or sagittally, depending on the case, and coloured with HE, Azan, or by the Bielschowsky method, we studied the development, and peripheral innervation of the palatal muscles. We reached a series of conclusions which we put forward in this paper. The m. tensor veli palatini is the one which develops earliest. It derives from the sam blastematic mass as the muscles of mastication, and it is innervated by a branch of the n. mandibularis. The m. levator veli palatini and m. pharyngopalatinus coincide chronologically with the appearance of the m. cephalopharyngeus. They derive from the pharyngeal musculature, and are innervated by fibres proceeding from the n. glossopharyngeus, in the case of the first one, and, in the case of the second, by direct branches from the n. glossopharyngeus and n. vagus, which penetrate the muscle directly, without prior contact with any nerve plexus. The m. uvulae is first formed, at the time the palatine processes close. In the first place, two outlines may be seen; but after 50 mm approximately it is formed by one muscle only, on the medial line; it is innervated by branches which proceed from the posterior n. palatinus. The m. glossopalatinus is the last to appear. It is closely linked to the musculature of the tongue and, therefore, we think that it derives from the hypobranchial musculature, and that is innervated in the body of the tongue itself, by means of the n. hypoglossus.
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  • Article
    Hung KS, Loosli CG.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(1):97-102.
    The innervation of the pulmonary veins was studied with electron microscopy. The adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were differentiated with potassium permanganate fixation. All three layers of the venous wall, namely, the tunica intima, media and adventitia, contained unmyelinated axons. Adrenergic and cholinergic axons were located near the cardiac muscle in the tunica media and near the smooth muscle in the tunica intima. The morphological relationships may explain the pharmacological and electrophysiological responses of the large pulmonary veins observed by others.
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  • Article
    Braekevelt CR.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(3):257-265.
    The fine structure of the retinal epithelium, Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaries has been studied by electron microscopy in the spectacled caiman (Caiman sclerops). The retinal epithelium throughout most of the retina is morphologically very typical of that described for other vertebrates. This typical appearance involves a single layer of pigmented cuboidal cells with extensive basal (scleral) infoldings and numerous apical (vitreal) processes enclosing photoreceptor outer segments. A semicircular area of the retinal epithelium in the superior fundus is, however, further specialized as a tapetum lucidum. The reflecting material consists of a large array of guanine, diffusely scattered within the epithelial cells. Centrally in the tapetal area, no melanosomes are found, indicating a non-occlusible tapetum. At the edge of the tapetum, however, both guanine crystals and melanosomes are found within the epithelial cells. In most other respects, the morphology of the epithelial layer in the tapetal region is not strikingly different from that in the non-tapetal area. Bruch's membrane everywhere displays the typical pentalaminate structure described for most vertebrates. The choriocapillaris is also typical in that numerous fenestrations are present in the endothelium bordering Bruch's membrane.
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  • Article
    Sutton D, Taylor EM, Lindeman RC.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(1):57-67.
    Laryngeal epithelium of monkeys (M. mulatta, M. nemestrina) ranging in age from late fetal to adult was found to undergo the following developmental changes: (1) progressive elaboration of commissural epithelium prenatally, reaching the adult form of pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium early in the postnatal period;(2) vocal process epithelium changing from cuboid to stratified squamous tissue during the late prenatal period, and (3) progressive increments in overall epithelial thicknees during development, reaching a maximum in the early postnatal period. Chondrocyte density of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage decreased during the late prenatal period, reaching the adult form at the neonatal stage. The evidence suggests that mechanical or metaplastic stresses do not determine the observed tissue changes.
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  • Article
    Kennedy LA, Persaud TV.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(1):23-35.
    The morphogenesis of developmental defects induced by aminotic sac puncture was studied at the gross and microscopic levels. In fetuses recovered from 15 min to 48 h after amniocentesis, a pattern of hemorrhagic lesions, excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid, followed by tissue necrosis and leading ultimately to the reduction of amputation of distal limb segments and morphological changes in the head, was observed. These changes were indicative of venous stasis, hypervolemia and embryonic oxygen deficiency. Intrauterine compression of the fetus and the obstruction of the fetomaternal circulation were considered to be the primary etiological factors in amniocentesis-induced anomalies which included hemorrhagic lesions, limb reductions and amputations, deformities of the head and abdominal regions, generalized edema and postural moulding.
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  • Article
    Shukla RC.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(1):1-3.
    The stages of regeneration of the basal melanocyte of human skin after Feulgen reaction were found to be granule, unipolar cell, bipolar cell and bidendritic, tridendritic and quadridendritic melanocyte, in that order. The last mentioned cell either divided by mitosis to form two daughter melanocytes or matured to form a replica of the original basal melanocyte of the human skin.
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  • Article
    Brenner J.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(1):36-52.
    The angioarchitectonic regions in the medulla oblongata and the midbrain of 14 grown-up guinea pigs are discribed. According to direction and number of the supplying arteries, three sections are distinguished. The medial part is supplied worst. It contains the medial row of the nuclei of the cranial nerves. The more lateral parts have always double or treble supplies. They are distinguished by a high capillary density. Those parts are associated with the medullar nuclei of the cranial nerves.
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  • Article
    Raedler E.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(1):81-96.
    A single dose of actinomycin was applied to young Wistar albino rats in the critical phase of their cerebellar development. The morphological alterations of the cerebellar cortex were studied by means of light and electron microscopy on several postnatal days. The cell types of the cerebellar cortex reacted in different ways toward the noxious substance according to their stage of development. The acute alterations consisted of an edematous reaction of the neuronal and glial perikarya (light degeneration) and a shrinkage of the neurons (dark degeneration). A massive intercellular edema and a rarefaction of glia cells as well as the Purkinje cell fibres proved to be the long-term damage. This pattern of the alteration was discussed regarding the chemodifferentiation of the cells of the cerebellar cortex, the onset of cerebellar function on day 14, and the establishment of a neuroglial functional unit.
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  • Article
    Silbermann M, Kadar T.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(4):459-68.
    Age-related changes in the number of cartilage cells within the proximal growth plate of the humerus were determined in normal ICR male mice. The rates of reduction in the number of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes were calculated and compared during the animals' first 6 months of life. It was found that during the period of highest growth activity, between weanling and sexual maturation, the rate of cell production is hardly decreased, thus maintaining the thickness of the cartilaginous growth plate and thereby enabling an extensive bone growth. A close correlation was found between the following skeletal activities: decrease in longitudinal bone growth, narrowing of the epiphyseal growth plate and a decrease in the proliferative activity of young chondrocytes.
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  • Article
    De Lara Galindo S, Cuspinera E, Cardenas Ramirez L.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(4):393-9.
    Due to the fact that the literature in the last 20 years shows contradictory points of view regarding the morphology and relations among the nasal cartilages in man, gross, semi-macroscopic and light-microscopic surveys were carried out in 20 adult and fetal human noses. It was concluded that the septodorsal cartilage is made up of only one block. The attachment of the septodorsal cartilage to the nasal bones takes place from 2 to 5 mm in the inner aspect of the latter. The distal and fibrous portions of the lateral cartilage and the greater alar cartilages act as valves.
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  • Article
    Hadziselimović H, Dilberović F.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(4):387-92.
    On ten otter brains the appearance of the exterior and interior brain structures was studied. Viewed from above there are two forms of brain, a triangular and a longitudinal one. In the triangular form the gyri are sufficiently developed with a considerable number of transient gyri and in the longitudinal form the gyri are wider and separated by considerably deep sulci. The olfactory bulbs, the olfactory tract, the gyrus olfactorius medialis and the gyrus olfactorius lateralis are less pronounced in the triangular form than in the longitudinal one. In the triangular form of the brain all gyri, except for the gyrus sylvius, are vertically positioned. The brain stem is wider in the triangular form and narrower in the longitudinal one. On the medial aspect of the brain, the cingulate gyrus, on which transient gyri are apparent, is well marked. The cingulate gyrus is slightly wider than in the longitudinal form. Below the splenium corporis callosi there is the tuberculum gyri dentati to be found by a shallow sulcus which is separated from the gyrus corporis callosi. By scaling the brain matter from outside, the pes hippocampi is exhibited. In the longitudinal form it is more sloping and separated from the base of the brain by a thin layer of brain substance. In the triangular form of the brain the cerebellum is covered by the posterior portions of the hemisphere and in the longitudinal form projects rather backward. On the frontal sections of the cerebrum the subcortical grey masses are sufficiently developed.
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  • Article
    Hess A.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(3):307-16.
    The ninth nerve was severed and the rat carotid body studied in the light and electron microscopes and after formaldehyde-induced fluorescence for its catecholamine content from 3 weeks to 13 months after operation. Minimal changes in the carotid body were observed. Hyperthrophy of the capsule cell was noticed up to about 2 months, after which time these cells appeared normal. Lysosomes in the capsule cells occurred more frequently and were larger than in normal carotid bodies. Discernible pathological alterations did not occur in the glomus cells, despite the absence of afferent terminals upon them. Atrophy of the carotid body was not noticed. The catecholamine content of the denervated carotid body was comparable to its innervated control and no nerve terminals were found on the glomus cells. Autonomic ganglion cells intrinsic to the carotid body varied in number from 1 to 8 and in location. The glomus cells do not receive any significant autonomic innervation, and the ganglion cells in the carotid body, perhaps sympathetic, probably innervate blood vessels. It is concluded that deafferentation has minimal morphological effects on the carotid body. The reactions of other receptor cells to deafferentation are compared with those of the glomus cells.
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  • Article
    Meitner ER.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(2):191-9.
    Regarding the different stainability when using the Luxol fast blue methods, two kinds of Purkinje cells of the rat are described: Luxol-positive and Luxol-negative cells. Since, by this method, phospholipids are demonstrated, the author suggests the prospective varying functional conditions of these cells. Different tinction of Purkinje cells has been confirmed also by other methods (gallocyanin-chromalaun, thionine, toluidine blue, lithium-haematoxylin, chromalaun-haematoxylin-phloxine and acid phosphatase) in both animal and human material. After 96 h of immobilization the different stainability of Purkinje cells becomes more marked, which penomenon can be as well explained with regard to the functional point of view. Similar differences, though less marked, were found also in neurosecretory cells of the nucelus supra-opticus of the rat and in the nuclear region of the ganglion semilunare Gasseri cells in man. Finally, the author refers to the relations between the Luxol blue staining method and Baker's method employing acid haematoxylin for demonstration of phospholipids in certain kinds of nervous system cells, taking into consideration Kroon's findings.
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  • Article
    Yokoh Y.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(3):317-20.
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  • Article
    Yew DT, Ling Wong SL.
    Acta Anat (Basel). 1977;97(1):53-6.
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